Disclosed herein is an imaging member that includes a substrate, a charge generating layer, a charge transport layer; and an outermost layer comprising a structured organic film (SOF) comprising a fluorinated molecular building block and a hole molecular building block, wherein the fluorinated molecular building block is present in the SOF of the outermost layer in an amount of from about 1 weight percent to about 20 weight percent of the SOF.

Disclosed herein is a method for manufacturing a fluorinated structured organic film (FSOF) composition for a photoreceptor. The method includes combining a fluorinated diol, an electroactive segment and a solvent in a round bottom reactor. The reacted is heated, without mixing dissolve the fluorinated diol composition. The dissolved fluorinated diol composition is mixed to dissolve the electroactive segment while maintaining the reactor at a temperature of between 80 and 85° C. A catalyst and a leveling agent are added to the solution to initiate a pre-cure reaction. The pre-cure reaction proceeds for at least 2 hours at a temperature of between 80 and 85° C. The solution is cooled to room temperature and filtered.

A fluorine-containing resin particle contains 0 or more and 30 or less carboxyl groups per 10.sup.6 carbon atoms and 0 ppm or more and 3 ppm or less of a basic compound.

An image forming method includes a charging step, an image exposure step, a developing step, a transferring step, a cleaning step, and a fixing step. A toner contains toner particles, the toner particles contain a resin A including a unit A1 including an alkyl group having 18 to 36 carbon atoms in the side chain, and the electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a surface layer containing (i) fluorine-containing resin particles and (ii) a fluorine-based polymer B.

An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate and a photosensitive layer on the conductive substrate. The outermost surface layer of the electrophotographic photoreceptor contains fluorine-containing resin particles, a fluorine graft polymer, and an acidic compound having an acid dissociation constant (pKa) of 3 or less in water at 25° C. The amount of the acidic compound relative to the outermost surface layer is 100 ppm or more and 10000 ppm or less.

Provided is an electrophotographic belt including at least: a base layer; and a surface layer containing the following A, B, and C:

A: a compound 1 having structures represented by formula (I) and formula (II):

##STR00001##

in the formula (I), R1 represents a linking group, and R2 represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group;

##STR00002##

in the formula (II), R3 represents a hydrogen atom, a methyl group, or a methyl ester group, R4 represents a linking group, R5 represents a methyl group or a tert-butyl group, and “m” represents an integer of from 25 to 100;
B: perfluoropolyether;
C: a binder resin.

An electrophotographic photosensitive member that has an electroconductive support and a photosensitive layer on the electroconductive support, and reduces image failures. The surface layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a cured product of a composition of: a charge transporting compound having a specific polymerizable functional group; a polytetrafluoroethylene particle having a specific primary particle diameter; and a polymer having specific structural units and having weight average molecular weight.

An electrophotographic photosensitive member including a surface layer, wherein the surface layer comprises a fluorine atom-containing resin particle, a binder material, and a polymer having a specific structural unit.

Provided is a fluorine-containing resin particle dispersion including: fluorine-containing resin particles, a resin which is not dissolved in at least one solvent in a group of hydroxyl group-containing solvents including an alcohol-based solvent having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, containing no aromatic ring in the molecule structure, and a water-based medium, and which is adhered on the surface of the fluorine-containing resin particles, and at least one solvent, in which the resin is not dissolved, in the group of hydroxyl group-containing solvents, in which the fluorine-containing resin particles having the resin adhered on the surface thereof are dispersed.

Provided is an image bearing member for electrophotography, the image bearing member being excellent in abrasion resistance, scratch resistance, and toner releasability, and being capable of preventing the occurrence of image defects due to cleaning failure for a long period. The image bearing member for electrophotography according to the present invention includes a surface layer formed of a polymerization-cured product of a radical polymerizable composition. The radical polymerizable composition contains a radical polymerizable perfluoropolyether compound (radical polymerizable PFPE), and the ratio of the average number of fluorine atoms to the average number of radical polymerizable functional groups in the radical polymerizable PFPE is 2.0 to 20.0.