Systems and methods for designing, optimizing, patterning, forming, and manufacturing symphotic structures are described herein. A symphotic structure may be formed by identifying a continuous refractive index distribution calculated to convert each of a plurality of input reference waves to a corresponding plurality of output object waves. The continuous refractive index distribution can be modeled as a plurality of subwavelength voxels. The system can calculate a symphotic pattern as a three-dimensional array of discrete dipole values to functionally approximate the subwavelength voxels. A symphotic structure may be formed with a volumetric distribution of dipole structures. A dipole value, such as a dipole moment (direction and magnitude) of each dipole is selected for the volumetric distribution to convert a plurality of input reference waves to a target plurality of output object waves.

Projection displays include a highlight projector and a main projector. Highlights projected by the highlight projector boost luminance in highlight areas of a base image projected by the main projector. Various highlight projectors including steerable beams, holographic projectors and spatial light modulators are described.

A method of producing a Computer Generated Hologram (CGH) for producing a 3 dimensional (3D) holographic image, including receiving data describing a 3D scene, producing a first CGH for producing a 2D image of the 3D scene as viewed from a specific viewing direction, the 2D image perpendicular to the viewing direction, decomposing the 2D image to a plurality of slices at different depths along the viewing direction, adjusting the first CGH by making, for at least one of the plurality of slices, a correction to the CGH associated with a depth of the slice along the viewing direction, thereby producing a corrected CGH for producing a 3D holographic image of the 3D scene. Related apparatus and methods are also described.

A method of fabricating a component (1) comprises the steps of providing precursor material in a working medium, creating acoustic forces and positioning the precursor material in the working medium under the effect of the acoustic forces, so that a material distribution is formed, which has a shape of the component to be fabricated, and subjecting at least one of the material distribution and the working medium to a fixation, so that the precursor material of the material distribution or the working medium surrounding the material distribution is bound, wherein the step of creating the acoustic forces includes generating an acoustic interference pattern (5), and the material distribution (4) is formed by moving the precursor material (2) towards energy extrema of the acoustic interference pattern (5). Furthermore, an apparatus (100) for fabricating a component (1) is described.

A phase modulation structure includes a recording surface including phase angle recording regions in a plurality of calculated element regions corresponding to reconstruction points of an image on a one-to-one basis, each phase angle recording region being formed of a plurality of unit blocks in each of which a phase angle is recorded, the phase angle being calculated based on a phase that is a sum of a plurality of phases of light from the corresponding reconstruction points; and a representative area that is one of divisions of the calculated element region, the representative area being obtained by radially dividing the calculated element region centered on a point on the calculated element region, the point being obtained by extending a normal line from the corresponding reconstruction point to the calculated element region on the recording surface.

A display system (300) comprising an optical system and a processing system. The optical system comprising a spatial light modulator (380), a light source, a Fourier transform lens, a viewing system (320, 330) and a processing system. The spatial light modulator is arranged to display holographic data in the Fourier domain, illuminated by the light source. The Fourier transform lens is arranged to produce a 2D holographic reconstruction in the spatial domain (310) corresponding to the holographic data. The viewing system is arranged to produce a virtual image (350) of the 2D holographic reconstruction. The processing system is arranged to combine the Fourier domain data representative of a 2D image with Fourier domain data representative of a phase only lens to produce first holographic data, and provide the first holographic data to the optical system to produce a virtual image.

Projection displays include a highlight projector and a main projector. Highlights projected by the highlight projector boost luminance in highlight areas of a base image projected by the main projector. Various highlight projectors are based on steerable beams, holographic projectors, and spatial light modulators. A Fourier transform component and a mask positioned on the Fourier plane thereof are used to attenuate or eliminate selected spatial frequencies, e.g., to increase peak luminance without raising the black level of the projected image.

A method for producing micro-optics on surface-emitting laser diodes. In a wafer-level operation, the micro-optics are preferably positioned directly on the VCSEL's forming, in each instance, a part of a coherent wafer.

Systems and methods for generating a controlled sound field. In one example, the system and method perform or include receiving a sound wave emitted from a sound source; determining, with an electronic processor, a pattern of at least one of an amplitude change and a phase change necessary to create a desired sound field using the sound wave; determining, with the electronic processor, a plurality of passive sound-modulating elements needed to generate the pattern of at least one of the amplitude change and the phase change; and constructing the plurality of sound-modulating elements to generate the controlled sound field.

A holographic security or identification device (10) comprises an object, or a flexible substrate (12) configured to be conformable to a desired, curved shape; and a plurality of structures (14) formed on or in the object to have a desired curved configuration, or formed in or associated with the substrate and arranged to adopt a desired curved configuration when the substrate is conformed to a desired shape, wherein the plurality of structures (14) are configured to receive light (20) of a selected at least one wavelength or range of wavelengths and to produce, using the received light, a desired holographic image (22) for security or identification purposes when in the desired configuration.