Disclosed are systems and methods for simulating proximity detection of physical effects, the system including an external probe; a base unit associated with the external probe via a connector, the base unit comprising at least one processor coupled to the connector, the at least one processor configured to compute results based on an input received from the external probe; an input device; and a graphical display unit configured to display at least one of the computed results from the at least one processor and the input received from the input device and input received from the external probe.

A scaffold-oriented line notation can include: a scaffold sequence of atom identifiers of a scaffold, the scaffold sequence includes at least one decoration marker or any number of decoration markers, each decoration marker being adjacent to an atom identifier of a linking atom of the scaffold; a decoration separator following a last atom identifier or a last decoration marker of the scaffold sequence; at least one decoration having at least one atom identifier in a line notation that defines a chemical structure of the chemical moiety of the decoration that is attached to the linking atom of the scaffold of the molecule; in the scaffold sequence, an order of the at least one decoration marker defines an order of the at least one decoration; in the at least one decoration, the first decoration follows the first decoration separator.

A scaffold-oriented line notation can include: a scaffold sequence of atom identifiers of a scaffold, the scaffold sequence includes at least one decoration marker or any number of decoration markers, each decoration marker being adjacent to an atom identifier of a linking atom of the scaffold; a decoration separator following a last atom identifier or a last decoration marker of the scaffold sequence; at least one decoration having at least one atom identifier in a line notation that defines a chemical structure of the chemical moiety of the decoration that is attached to the linking atom of the scaffold of the molecule; in the scaffold sequence, an order of the at least one decoration marker defines an order of the at least one decoration; in the at least one decoration, the first decoration follows the first decoration separator.

A quantum-mechanics station (Ψ-station) and a cloud-based server cooperate to provide quantum mechanics as a service (ΨaaS) including real-time, exclusive, interactive sessions. The Ψ-station serves as a system for implementing “recipes” for producing, manipulating, and/or using quantum-state carriers, e.g., rubidium 87 atoms. The cloud-based server acts as an interface between the station (or stations) and authorized users of account holders. To this end, the server hosts an account manager and a session manager. The account manager manages accounts and associated account-based and user-specific permissions that define what actions any given authorized user for an account may perform with respect to a Ψ-station. The session manager controls (e.g., in real-time) interactions between a user and a Ψ-station, some interactions allowing a user to select a recipe based on wavefunction characterizations returned earlier in the same session.

A cold-quanta station and a cloud-based server cooperate to provide cold quanta as a service (CQaaS). The cold-quanta station serves as a system for implementing “recipes” for producing, manipulating, and/or using cold (<1 mK) monatomic or polyatomic molecules, e.g., cold Rubidium 87 atoms. The cloud-based server acts as an interface between the station (or stations) and authorized users of account holders. To this end the server hosts an account manager and a session manager. The account manager manages accounts and associated account-based and user-specific permissions that define what actions any given authorized user for an account may perform with respect to a quantum-mechanics station. The session manager controls (in some cases real-time) interactions between a user and a quantum-mechanics station, some interactions allowing a user to select a recipe based on results returned earlier in the same session.

A cold-quanta station and a cloud-based server cooperate to provide cold quanta as a service (CQaaS). The cold-quanta station serves as a system for implementing “recipes” for producing, manipulating, and/or using cold (<1 mK) monatomic or polyatomic molecules, e.g., cold Rubidium 87 atoms. The cloud-based server acts as an interface between the station (or stations) and authorized users of account holders. To this end the server hosts an account manager and a session manager. The account manager manages accounts and associated account-based and user-specific permissions that define what actions any given authorized user for an account may perform with respect to a quantum-mechanics station. The session manager controls (in some cases real-time) interactions between a user and a quantum-mechanics station, some interactions allowing a user to select a recipe based on results returned earlier in the same session.

A quantum-mechanics station (-station) and a cloud-based server cooperate to provide quantum mechanics as a service (aaS) including real-time, exclusive, interactive sessions. The -station serves as a system for implementing recipes for producing, manipulating, and/or using quantum-state carriers, e.g., rubidium 87 atoms. The cloud-based server acts as an interface between the station (or stations) and authorized users of account holders. To this end, the server hosts an account manager and a session manager. The account manager manages accounts and associated account-based and user-specific permissions that define what actions any given authorized user for an account may perform with respect to a -station. The session manager controls (e.g., in real-time) interactions between a user and a -station, some interactions allowing a user to select a recipe based on wavefunction characterizations returned earlier in the same session.

A quantum-mechanics station (-station) and a cloud-based server cooperate to provide quantum mechanics as a service (aaS) including real-time, exclusive, interactive sessions. The -station serves as a system for implementing recipes for producing, manipulating, and/or using quantum-state carriers, e.g., rubidium 87 atoms. The cloud-based server acts as an interface between the station (or stations) and authorized users of account holders. To this end, the server hosts an account manager and a session manager. The account manager manages accounts and associated account-based and user-specific permissions that define what actions any given authorized user for an account may perform with respect to a -station. The session manager controls (e.g., in real-time) interactions between a user and a -station, some interactions allowing a user to select a recipe based on wavefunction characterizations returned earlier in the same session.

Apparatus and methods for providing instruction include at least one instruction site defining an instruction board and at least one instruction piece configured to be received on the instruction site. A user manipulates the at least one instruction piece to perform a change of state operation relating to the instruction. The apparatus and methods are based on applied cognitive science, where children play the lead role in storylines staged upon a rule-enforcing apparatus and by so doing, become self-enlightened about denumerability, rank-wise denumerability, addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and other change-of-state processes encountered in mathematics and the quantifiable sciences.

Educational atom models which are attached to a plurality of filaments, to which each end is attached a self-orienting magnet. The magnet is comprised of one magnet or a plurality of magnets, such that the assembly can orient to align, attract and bond to a magnet attached to the end of another filament. The atom models can mimic chemical bonds when a magnet assembly from one atom model orients, attracts and bonds to a magnet from a different atom model. The bonding between magnets more accurately mimics the formation of chemical bonds in terms of force, energy, bonding-electron origin, speed, spontaneity, and atoms' ability to form double and triple bonds. The models are educationally engaging resulting in better learning outcomes.