The invention comprises an atomic structure kit for enabling students to understand how atoms are made of smaller sub-atomic particles, the architecture of these particles in relation to each other, and the forces acting upon the sub-atomic particles that hold an atom together. The kit comprises a central body representing an atomic nucleus attached to a shaft about which concentric circular or elliptical rings are rotatably attached. A plurality of bodies representing protons and neutrons is magnetically attachable to the atomic nucleus, and a plurality of bodies representing electrons is magnetically attachable to the rotatable rings. The properties and geometry of the magnetic materials mimic the strong localised force relationships between sub-atomic particles, specifically the electron-electron, proton-proton repulsion, the electron-nucleus attraction and the very strong attraction between the nucleons that bind the nucleus.

The invention comprises an atomic structure kit for enabling students to understand how atoms are made of smaller sub-atomic particles, the architecture of these particles in relation to each other, and the forces acting upon the sub-atomic particles that hold an atom together. The kit comprises a central body representing an atomic nucleus attached to a shaft about which concentric circular or elliptical rings are rotatably attached. A plurality of bodies representing protons and neutrons is magnetically attachable to the atomic nucleus, and a plurality of bodies representing electrons is magnetically attachable to the rotatable rings. The properties and geometry of the magnetic materials mimic the strong localised force relationships between sub-atomic particles, specifically the electron-electron, proton-proton repulsion, the electron-nucleus attraction and the very strong attraction between the nucleons that bind the nucleus.

A quantum-mechanics station (Ψ-station) and a cloud-based server cooperate to provide quantum mechanics as a service (ΨaaS) including real-time, exclusive, interactive sessions. The Ψ-station serves as a system for implementing “recipes” for producing, manipulating, and/or using quantum-state carriers, e.g., rubidium 87 atoms. The cloud-based server acts as an interface between the station (or stations) and authorized users of account holders. To this end, the server hosts an account manager and a session manager. The account manager manages accounts and associated account-based and user-specific permissions that define what actions any given authorized user for an account may perform with respect to a Ψ-station. The session manager controls (e.g., in real-time) interactions between a user and a Ψ-station, some interactions allowing a user to select a recipe based on wavefunction characterizations returned earlier in the same session.

A quantum-mechanics station (Ψ-station) and a cloud-based server cooperate to provide quantum mechanics as a service (ΨaaS) including real-time, exclusive, interactive sessions. The Ψ-station serves as a system for implementing “recipes” for producing, manipulating, and/or using quantum-state carriers, e.g., rubidium 87 atoms. The cloud-based server acts as an interface between the station (or stations) and authorized users of account holders. To this end, the server hosts an account manager and a session manager. The account manager manages accounts and associated account-based and user-specific permissions that define what actions any given authorized user for an account may perform with respect to a Ψ-station. The session manager controls (e.g., in real-time) interactions between a user and a Ψ-station, some interactions allowing a user to select a recipe based on wavefunction characterizations returned earlier in the same session.

A cold-quanta station and a cloud-based server cooperate to provide cold quanta as a service (CQaaS). The cold-quanta station serves as a system for implementing “recipes” for producing, manipulating, and/or using cold (<1 mK) monatomic or polyatomic molecules, e.g., cold Rubidium 87 atoms. The cloud-based server acts as an interface between the station (or stations) and authorized users of account holders. To this end the server hosts an account manager and a session manager. The account manager manages accounts and associated account-based and user-specific permissions that define what actions any given authorized user for an account may perform with respect to a quantum-mechanics station. The session manager controls (in some cases real-time) interactions between a user and a quantum-mechanics station, some interactions allowing a user to select a recipe based on results returned earlier in the same session.

A cold-quanta station and a cloud-based server cooperate to provide cold quanta as a service (CQaaS). The cold-quanta station serves as a system for implementing “recipes” for producing, manipulating, and/or using cold (<1 mK) monatomic or polyatomic molecules, e.g., cold Rubidium 87 atoms. The cloud-based server acts as an interface between the station (or stations) and authorized users of account holders. To this end the server hosts an account manager and a session manager. The account manager manages accounts and associated account-based and user-specific permissions that define what actions any given authorized user for an account may perform with respect to a quantum-mechanics station. The session manager controls (in some cases real-time) interactions between a user and a quantum-mechanics station, some interactions allowing a user to select a recipe based on results returned earlier in the same session.

A three-dimensional object formation instruction apparatus receives information pertaining to distribution of a predetermined physical quantity in a three-dimensional space, and on the basis of the received information, determines a shape of a representation body representing the physical quantity, and then, on the basis of the received information, determines a position at which the representation body representing the physical quantity is to be arranged. The three-dimensional object formation instruction apparatus generates a three-dimensional object formation instruction including an instruction to form an object having the determined shape at the determined position, and outputs the generated instruction.

A three-dimensional object formation instruction apparatus receives information pertaining to distribution of a predetermined physical quantity in a three-dimensional space, and on the basis of the received information, determines a shape of a representation body representing the physical quantity, and then, on the basis of the received information, determines a position at which the representation body representing the physical quantity is to be arranged. The three-dimensional object formation instruction apparatus generates a three-dimensional object formation instruction including an instruction to form an object having the determined shape at the determined position, and outputs the generated instruction.

A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing instructions executable by a hardware processor to create a plurality of adaptive grids, present an adaptive hexagon grid in a drawing window on a display, prompt a user to create a first chemical structure on the adaptive hexagon grid, present a first plurality of atomic bond representations on the display, receive a first location selection chosen by the user from the adaptive hexagon grid, present a first plurality of atomic bond representations on the display, receive a first atomic bond selection chosen by the user from the first plurality of atomic bond representations, and present the first atomic bond selection at the first location selection on one of the plurality the adaptive grids. The first plurality of atomic bond representations include at least a single covalent bond representation and a double covalent bond representation.

Disclosed are systems and methods for simulating proximity detection of physical effects, the system including an external probe; a base unit associated with the external probe via a connector, the base unit comprising at least one processor coupled to the connector, the at least one processor configured to compute results based on an input received from the external probe; an input device; and a graphical display unit configured to display at least one of the computed results from the at least one processor and the input received from the input device and input received from the external probe.