This invention describes a 4-dimensional periodic table of elements (4D PT) based on the 4 known quantum numbers of the atom, namely, n (principal), l (azimuthal), m (magnetic) and s (spin), which determine the 4D Cartesian co-ordinates (n,l,m,s) of a 4-dimensional cubic lattice. Since the four quantum number combinations of each element are unique by Pauli's exclusion principle, each chemical element occupies a different vertex of this lattice and has a unique location in 4D space. The 4 quantum numbers are used as independent vectors of a 4-dimensional vector space so that quantum numbers can be added in the same manner as vectors are added. The 4D PT displays complementarity and the principle of zero cyclic sum in numbers associated with elements. The 4D PT of elements and their coordinates extend to chemical molecules and compounds by adding coordinates of individual elements into composite coordinates of molecules and compounds in a larger expansive PT. The higher-dimensional table of elements and compounds can be represented in any digital media where they can be manipulated graphically and interactively by various input devices including virtual reality. The 4D PT can be displayed in print media as 2D charts, or 2D cards that can be combined in various ways. It can be physically built in different materials as 3D model kits for teaching, learning, research and practice of chemistry in academia and industry. The 3D model kits can be like space frames comprising nodes and connecting struts or 3D blocks or connected 2D panels.

The present disclosure provides apparatus and methods for demonstrating the definition of entropy and distinguishing it from the concept of disorder by simulating a canonical ensemble. The apparatus required for the method is easy to manufacture and the demonstration is simple to carry out, making the demonstration readily available to any educational facility wishing to improve the understanding of this fundamental principle of modern science.

The invention comprises an atomic structure kit for enabling students to understand how atoms are made of smaller sub-atomic particles, the architecture of these particles in relation to each other, and the forces acting upon the sub-atomic particles that hold an atom together. The kit comprises a central body representing an atomic nucleus attached to a shaft about which concentric circular or elliptical rings are rotatably attached. A plurality of bodies representing protons and neutrons is magnetically attachable to the atomic nucleus, and a plurality of bodies representing electrons is magnetically attachable to the rotatable rings. The properties and geometry of the magnetic materials mimic the strong localised force relationships between sub-atomic particles, specifically the electron-electron, proton-proton repulsion, the electron-nucleus attraction and the very strong attraction between the nucleons that bind the nucleus.

The invention comprises an atomic structure kit for enabling students to understand how atoms are made of smaller sub-atomic particles, the architecture of these particles in relation to each other, and the forces acting upon the sub-atomic particles that hold an atom together. The kit comprises a central body representing an atomic nucleus attached to a shaft about which concentric circular or elliptical rings are rotatably attached. A plurality of bodies representing protons and neutrons is magnetically attachable to the atomic nucleus, and a plurality of bodies representing electrons is magnetically attachable to the rotatable rings. The properties and geometry of the magnetic materials mimic the strong localised force relationships between sub-atomic particles, specifically the electron-electron, proton-proton repulsion, the electron-nucleus attraction and the very strong attraction between the nucleons that bind the nucleus.

A three-dimensional educational tool that demonstrates periodicity in science and mathematics and a method of using same. The educational tool has a frame with a top template, such as the periodic table of the chemical elements, having a plurality of openings and a plurality of members, representing chemical elements as an example embodiment disposed in the openings. The educational tool provides a plurality of trend blocks that rapidly change a three dimensions display of a plurality of members by selectively raising or lowering the members to demonstrate a particular characteristic of a member in relationship to another member. The trend blocks sit under the frame and the members slide up and down accordingly.

A three-dimensional educational tool that demonstrates periodicity in science and mathematics and a method of using same. The educational tool has a frame with a top template, such as the periodic table of the chemical elements, having a plurality of openings and a plurality of members, representing chemical elements as an example embodiment disposed in the openings. The educational tool provides a plurality of trend blocks that rapidly change a three dimensions display of a plurality of members by selectively raising or lowering the members to demonstrate a particular characteristic of a member in relationship to another member. The trend blocks sit under the frame and the members slide up and down accordingly.

A screen overlay for a personal electronic device coupled with an educational application launched on the device provides a work surface for engaging in fluidic based chemistry experiments while shielding the device from the liquid used for the experiments. The screen overlay has liquid encapsulating regions for retention of a pooled liquid deposited on the overlay, and is transmissive of touch signals to a touch screen on the device. An educational application executing on the device renders predetermined regions on the device display that are coordinated with the fluid retention regions. A liquid deposition vessel such as a dropper has a conductive outer surface for engaging a user's grasp, and a wire or conductor is adapted to extend through the pooled liquid for contact with the screen overlay. The screen overlay is transmissive of capacitance signals emanating from the user for indicating fluidic presence to the educational application on the device.

An electronic device for creating animations of molecular motions includes a display and a computer processor. The computer processor is configured to present to a user a video frame editor on the display. The video frame editor presents the user with atom and bond selections to be placed on a plurality of video frames. A first input is received from the user for a first set of atoms and bonds to be placed on a first video design frame at a first set of positions. A second input is received from the user for a second video design frame. The second input includes repositioning the first set of atoms and bonds to a second set of positions on the second video design frame. An animation is played in which the first set of atoms and bonds move from the first set of positions to the second set of positions.

A new class of polyhedron is constructed by decorating each of the triangular facets of an icosahedron with the T vertices and connecting edges of a “Goldberg triangle.” A unique set of internal angles in each planar face of each new polyhedron is then obtained, for example by solving a system of n equations and n variables, where the equations set the dihedral angle discrepancy about different types of edge to zero, where the independent variables are a subset of the internal angles in 6 gons. Alternatively, an iterative method that solves for angles within each hexagonal ring may be solved for that nulls dihedral angle discrepancy throughout the polyhedron. The 6 gon faces in the resulting “Goldberg polyhedra” are equilateral and planar, but not equiangular, and nearly spherical.

One aspect of the present disclosure include a method and system for providing an interactive virtual reality simulation for virtual reality training. A headset, controllers, and/or one or more sensors communicate with a processor to display the interactive virtual reality simulation on a user display within the headset. The interactive virtual reality training for use in facilitating virtually reality simulations including a microscope simulation, a bacteria streaking simulation, and/or a visually inspecting containers simulation.