Metamaterials or artificial negative index materials (NIMs) have generated great attention due to their unique and exotic electromagnetic properties. One exemplary negative dielectric constant material, which is an essential key for creating the NIMs, was developed by doping ions into a polymer, a protonated poly (benzimidazole) (PBI). The doped PBI showed a negative dielectric constant at megahertz (MHz) frequencies due to its reduced plasma frequency and an induction effect. The magnitude of the negative dielectric constant and the resonance frequency were tunable by doping concentration. The highly doped PBI showed larger absolute magnitude of negative dielectric constant at just above its resonance frequency than the less doped PBI.

Metamaterials or artificial negative index materials (NIMs) have generated great attention due to their unique and exotic electromagnetic properties. One exemplary negative dielectric constant material, which is an essential key for creating the NIMs, was developed by doping ions into a polymer, a protonated poly (benzimidazole) (PBI). The doped PBI showed a negative dielectric constant at megahertz (MHz) frequencies due to its reduced plasma frequency and an induction effect. The magnitude of the negative dielectric constant and the resonance frequency were tunable by doping concentration. The highly doped PBI showed larger absolute magnitude of negative dielectric constant at just above its resonance frequency than the less doped PBI.

The present application provides an intumescent flame-retardant coiled material for cables and an intumescent flame-retardant cable. Specifically, the intumescent flame-retardant coiled material for cables comprises a thermal expansion layer and a combustible armor layer adjacent to the thermal expansion layer. The intumescent flame-retardant cable comprises a cable core; a thermal expansion layer adjacent to the cable core; and a combustible armor layer adjacent to the thermal expansion layer. The intumescent flame-retardant coiled material can be used for mounted and curved cables and can provide excellent flame-retardant performance while providing effective mechanical protection for cables.

An insulated wire, having: a single conductor or multiple conductors; an insulating layer on the outer periphery of the single conductor or each of the multiple conductors; and an adhesion layer on the outer periphery of the insulating layer, wherein the thickness of the adhesion layer is 2 to 200 m, wherein a resin constituting the adhesion layer does not have a melting point, wherein the resin constituting the adhesion layer has a tensile modulus of 0.610.sup.7 to 1010.sup.7 Pa at 250 C., and wherein a substance having 2 or more amino groups exists on the surface of the adhesion layer; a coil containing the insulated wire; and an electrical or electronic equipment using the coil.

An insulated wire, having: a single conductor or multiple conductors; an insulating layer on the outer periphery of the single conductor or each of the multiple conductors; and an adhesion layer on the outer periphery of the insulating layer, wherein the thickness of the adhesion layer is 2 to 200 m, wherein a resin constituting the adhesion layer does not have a melting point, wherein the resin constituting the adhesion layer has a tensile modulus of 0.610.sup.7 to 1010.sup.7 Pa at 250 C., and wherein a substance having 2 or more amino groups exists on the surface of the adhesion layer; a coil containing the insulated wire; and an electrical or electronic equipment using the coil.

A biodegradable electrical enclosure is provided and has a plate having a rear mounting surface and a front appearance surface. An aperture extends through the plate for receiving an electrical component. The plate is formed of a natural fiber thermoset composite (NFTC) having at least one fire-retardant additive.

A biodegradable electrical enclosure is provided and has a plate having a rear mounting surface and a front appearance surface. An aperture extends through the plate for receiving an electrical component. The plate is formed of a natural fiber thermoset composite (NFTC) having at least one fire-retardant additive.

An insulated wire, having: a single conductor or multiple conductors; an insulating layer on the outer periphery of the single conductor or each of the multiple conductors; and an adhesion layer on the outer periphery of the insulating layer, wherein the thickness of the adhesion layer is 2 to 200 m, wherein a resin constituting the adhesion layer does not have a melting point, wherein the resin constituting the adhesion layer has a tensile modulus of 0.610.sup.7 to 1010.sup.7 Pa at 250 C., and wherein a substance having 2 or more amino groups exists on the surface of the adhesion layer; a coil containing the insulated wire; and an electrical or electronic equipment using the coil.

A transparent conductive film 1 includes, in this order, a transparent substrate 2, a first optical adjustment layer 4, an inorganic layer 5, and a transparent conductive layer 6. The first optical adjustment layer 4 has refractive index nC lower than refractive index nA of the transparent substrate 2, and thickness TC of 10 nm or more and 35 nm or less. The inorganic layer 5 has refractive index nD that is lower than the absolute value |nC1.13| of a value obtained by multiplying the refractive index nC of the first optical adjustment layer 4 by 1.13.

A transparent conductive film 1 includes, in this order, a transparent substrate 2, a first optical adjustment layer 4, an inorganic layer 5, and a transparent conductive layer 6. The first optical adjustment layer 4 has refractive index nC lower than refractive index nA of the transparent substrate 2, and thickness TC of 10 nm or more and 35 nm or less. The inorganic layer 5 has refractive index nD that is lower than the absolute value |nC1.13| of a value obtained by multiplying the refractive index nC of the first optical adjustment layer 4 by 1.13.