A bonding washer for making electrical connection between two metal pieces that are to be mechanically fastened together. The washer, to be interposed between the two metal pieces, may be constructed so as to fasten to one of the pieces before the two pieces are joined. Teeth on the washer, positioned at right angles to the plane of the washer, are forced into each of the two metal pieces when the fastener is tightened, making electrical connection between the two metal pieces.

A pin terminal includes a bar-like base material and a plating layer covering a predetermined region of the base material. A constituent material of the base material is pure copper or a copper alloy. The plating layer includes a tin-based layer made of metal containing tin. One end side of the base material includes a tip covering portion. The tin-based layer includes the tip covering portion. The tip covering portion covers an entire region in a circumferential direction on the one end side of the base material. A difference (t.sub.1−t.sub.2) between a maximum value t.sub.1 and a minimum value t.sub.2 of a thickness of the tip covering portion measured at a measurement location set at a spot of 1 mm from one end of the pin terminal along a longitudinal direction of the pin terminal is 0.20 μm or more.

Porous solid materials are provided. The porous solid materials include a plurality of interconnected wires forming an ordered network. The porous solid materials may have a predetermined volumetric surface area ranging between 2 m.sup.2/cm.sup.3 and 90 m.sup.2/cm.sup.3, a predetermined porosity ranging between 3% and 90% and an electrical conductivity higher than 100 S/cm. The porous solid materials may have a predetermined volumetric surface area ranging between 3 m.sup.2/cm.sup.3 and 72 m.sup.2/cm.sup.3, a predetermined porosity ranging between 80% and 95% and an electrical conductivity higher than 100 S/cm. The porous solid materials (100) may have a predetermined volumetric surface area ranging between 3 m.sup.2/cm.sup.3 and 85 m.sup.2/cm.sup.3, a predetermined porosity ranging between 65% and 90% and an electrical conductivity higher than 2000 S/cm. Methods for the fabrication of such porous solid materials and devices including such porous solid material are also disclosed.

At least one embodiment relates to a method for transforming at least part of a valve metal layer into a template that includes a plurality of spaced channels aligned longitudinally along a first direction. The method includes a first anodization step that includes anodizing the valve metal layer in a thickness direction to form a porous layer that includes a plurality of channels. Each channel has channel walls and a channel bottom. The channel bottom is coated with a first insulating metal oxide barrier layer as a result of the first anodization step. The method also includes a protective treatment. Further, the method includes a second anodization step after the protective treatment. The second anodization step substantially removes the first insulating metal oxide barrier layer, induces anodization, and creates a second insulating metal oxide barrier layer. In addition, the method includes an etching step.

A cluster of non-collapsed nanowires, a template to produce the same, methods to obtain the template and to obtain the cluster by using the template, and devices having the cluster. The cluster and the template both have an interconnected region and an interconnection-free region.

A conductive film that includes: particles of a layered material including one or more layers, wherein each of the one or more layers includes a layer body represented by: M.sub.mX.sub.n, wherein M is at least one metal of Group 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7, X is a carbon atom, a nitrogen atom, or a combination thereof, n is 1 to 4, m is greater than n and 5 or less, a modification or termination T is present on a surface of the layer body, where the T is at least one selected from the group consisting of a hydroxyl group, a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom, an oxygen atom, or a hydrogen atom; and a phosphorus atom in an amount of 0.001% by mass to less than 0.09% by mass.

An anode terminal is provided for use high voltage applications that also serves as a shield, and which reduces the overall size of the anode terminal and an enclosure containing the anode terminal. The anode terminal includes a toroid and the maximum radius of curvature that is required to provide an optimal field enhancement reduction is reserved for the section of the toroid that is closest to ground, including the walls of the enclosure. The toroid of the anode terminal has variable radii of curvature along its outer surface and is asymmetrical.

A conductive ground tab template is provided and a corresponding method for providing a ground utilizing the same. According to one aspect, a conductive ground tab template includes a barrier layer and an adhesive layer. The adhesive layer provides for removable attachment to a structure. A cutout region of the conductive ground tab template is encompassed by the barrier layer and has a configurable arrangement for receiving conductive material and creating a ground tab.

A silver powder, including: an organic substance on a surface of the silver powder, the organic substance containing at least one carboxyl group and at least one hydroxyl group in one molecule of the organic substance, wherein a ratio of (Casson yield value/BET specific surface area) is 500 or less, where the Casson yield value is a Casson yield value of a conductive paste and the BET specific surface area is a BET specific surface area of the silver powder, where the conductive paste has a composition in which the silver powder is 86% by mass, a glass fit is 1% by mass, ethyl cellulose is 0.6% by mass, texanol is 10.5% by mass, and zinc oxide is 1.9% by mass, and the conductive paste is prepared by kneading the composition with a planetary centrifugal stirrer and bubble remover and dispersing with a triple roll mill.

Articles and methods regarding composite conductor materials comprising a first conductive material layer and a first carbonaceous material layer. In certain embodiments, the first carbonaceous material layer comprises an sp2 hybridized carbon compound. In certain embodiments, the electrical conductivity of the composite conductive material can be controlled and exhibits a conductivity at least 1.5% greater than the conductivity of the first conductive material layer alone.