A temperature sensor includes: a first supporting film made of an electric insulation material; a second supporting film that is made of an electric insulation material and is stacked on the first supporting film; and a sensor element provided between the first supporting film and the second supporting film. The sensor element includes a thermosensitive body having electric characteristics that change with temperature, and a first lead pattern and a second lead pattern that are electrically connected to the thermosensitive body. The first supporting film and the second supporting film are disposed to face each other in a region where the thermosensitive body is provided.

A heating system includes at least one electric heater disposed within a fluid flow system and a control device that is configured to determine a temperature of the at least one electric heater based on a model, at least one fluid flow system input, and at least one heater input. The at least one heater input includes at least one physical characteristic of the heating system, the at least one physical characteristic includes at least one of a resistance wire diameter, a heater insulation thickness, a heater sheath thickness, a conductivity, a specific heat and density of the material of the heater, an emissivity of the heater and the fluid flow pathway, and combinations thereof. The control device is configured to provide power to the at least one electric heater based on the temperature of the at least one electric heater.

The present invention relates to a testing method for the thermal contact between a temperature sensor (50) and a battery cell (10) of a battery module (30), wherein the method comprises the steps of measuring a temperature T.sub.1 of the temperature sensor (50) at a time point t.sub.1, heating the temperature sensor (50) for a defined time (t.sub.2−t.sub.1), measuring a temperature T.sub.2 of the temperature sensor (50) at a time point t.sub.2 and/or a temperature T.sub.3 of the temperature sensor (50) at a time point t.sub.3, and determining the thermal contact between the temperature sensor (50) and the battery cell (10) based on at least one of the temperature differences ΔT.sub.2,1=(T.sub.2−T.sub.1), ΔT.sub.3,1=(T.sub.3−T.sub.1) and/or ΔT.sub.3,2=(T.sub.3−T.sub.2). The invention further relates to a testing circuit (60) for a temperature sensor (50) of a battery module (30), comprising a thermistor (61) with a first node (67) connected to a first supply voltage (65) and a second node (68) connected to ground (69), a switch (63) interconnected between the first node (67) of the thermistor (61) and a second supply voltage (66), and an analog-to-digital converter (64) connected in parallel to the thermistor (61). The invention further relates to a cell supervision circuit (40) for a battery module (30), comprising a circuit carrier (45), a testing circuit (60) according to any one of the claims 1 to 10, and a temperature sensor (50) surface mounted to the circuit carrier (45) and comprising a measuring head (51) with a thermistor (61) configured to be brought into thermal contact with a battery cell (10) of the battery module (30).

Provided is a thermistor which has a smaller change in resistance value between before and after a heat resistance test and from which a high B constant is obtained, a method for manufacturing the same, and a thermistor sensor. The thermistor is a thermistor formed on a substrate and includes: an intermediate stacked portion formed on the substrate; and a main metal nitride film layer formed of a thermistor material of a metal nitride on the intermediate stacked portion, wherein the intermediate stacked portion includes a base thermistor layer formed of a thermistor material of a metal nitride and an intermediate oxynitride layer formed on the base thermistor layer, the main metal nitride film layer is formed on the intermediate oxynitride layer, and the intermediate oxynitride layer is a metal oxynitride layer formed through oxidation of the thermistor material of the base thermistor layer immediately below the intermediate oxynitride layer.

Provided is a thermistor which has a smaller change in resistance value between before and after a heat resistance test and from which a high B constant is obtained, a method for manufacturing the same, and a thermistor sensor. The thermistor is a thermistor formed on a substrate and includes: an intermediate stacked portion formed on the substrate; and a main metal nitride film layer formed of a thermistor material of a metal nitride on the intermediate stacked portion, wherein the intermediate stacked portion includes a base thermistor layer formed of a thermistor material of a metal nitride and an intermediate oxynitride layer formed on the base thermistor layer, the main metal nitride film layer is formed on the intermediate oxynitride layer, and the intermediate oxynitride layer is a metal oxynitride layer formed through oxidation of the thermistor material of the base thermistor layer immediately below the intermediate oxynitride layer.

A temperature sensor provided with: an element that comprises a resistor which has a resistance value that changes with temperature thereof, and a lead wire; a signal wire that is bonded to the lead wire by welding; and a cover that covers the element and a welded part between the lead wire and the signal wire, where the lead wire comprises a material in which oxide particles are dispersed in platinum or platinum alloy; and the welded part has a welded part interface region along an interface with the lead wire or the signal wire, and a welded part main region inside thereof, and a volume ratio of the oxide particles occupying the welded part interface region is larger than a volume ratio of the oxide particles occupying the welded part main region.

Provided are an electronic component, a lead part connection structure, and a lead part connection method which can reduce damage of a lead part and improve joint strength. In this lead part connection structure, a lead part (3) made of a conductor and a conductive wire (5) made of a plurality of core wires (52) are connected to each other through welding, wherein the lead part (3) and the conductive wire (5) are connected to each other through welding in a condition in which the lead part (3) is fitted into the plurality of core wires (52) of the conductive wire (5). In the conductive wire (5), the core wires (52) are not integrated with each other in advance through welding.

A thermal sensor wire. The thermal sensor wire may include a thermal sensing portion extending along a wire axis of the thermal sensor wire; and a carrier portion, the carrier portion extending along the wire axis, adjacent to the thermal sensing portion, the thermal sensing portion comprising a polymer positive temperature coefficient (PPTC) material or a negative temperature coefficient (NTC) material.

Provided is an electric battery charging system, including a connector including a thermistor element configured to change a resistance value according to a temperature, a micro control unit (MCU) configured to receive a voltage varying depending on whether the connector is connected, and receive a voltage varying according to the resistance value of the thermistor element, and a vehicle charging management system (VCMS) configured to determine whether to discharge a battery based on whether the connector is connected and a temperature of the connector.

Provided is an electric battery charging system, including a connector including a thermistor element configured to change a resistance value according to a temperature, a micro control unit (MCU) configured to receive a voltage varying depending on whether the connector is connected, and receive a voltage varying according to the resistance value of the thermistor element, and a vehicle charging management system (VCMS) configured to determine whether to discharge a battery based on whether the connector is connected and a temperature of the connector.