The invention provides filamentous organism-derived carbonaceous materials doped with organic and/or inorganic compounds, and methods of making the same. In certain embodiments, these carbonaceous materials are used as electrodes in solid state batteries and/or lithium-ion batteries. In another aspect, these carbonaceous materials are used as a catalyst, catalyst support, adsorbent, filter and/or other carbon-based material or adsorbent. In yet another aspect, the invention provides battery devices incorporating the carbonaceous electrode materials.

The invention provides filamentous organism-derived carbonaceous materials doped with organic and/or inorganic compounds, and methods of making the same. In certain embodiments, these carbonaceous materials are used as electrodes in solid state batteries and/or lithium-ion batteries. In another aspect, these carbonaceous materials are used as a catalyst, catalyst support, adsorbent, filter and/or other carbon-based material or adsorbent. In yet another aspect, the invention provides battery devices incorporating the carbonaceous electrode materials.

It is a CNT device (1) (carbon-metal structure) equipped with a carbon nanotube layer (2) (CNT layer 2; same hereafter) on a metal pedestal (4). The metal pedestal (4) is brazed to the CNT layer (2) with a brazing material layer (3) interposed therebetween. When manufacturing the CNT device (1), firstly, the CNT layer (2) is formed on a heat-resistant textured substrate (6). Next, the metal pedestal (4) is brazed to the CNT layer (2) that is on the heat-resistant textured substrate (6) with the brazing material layer (3) interposed therebetween. Then, the metal pedestal (4) (and the CNT layer 2) is peeled off the heat-resistant textured substrate (6) to transfer the CNT layer (2) from the heat-resistant textured substrate (6) to the metal pedestal (4).

Provided herein is a battery and an electrode. The battery may include two electrodes; and an electrolyte, wherein at least one electrode further includes: a nano-scale coated network, which includes one or more first carbon nanotubes electrically connected to one or more second carbon nanotubes to form a nano-scale network, wherein at least one of the one or more second carbon nanotubes is in electrical contact with another of the one or more second carbon nanotubes. The battery may further include an active material coating distributed to cover portions of the one or more first carbon nanotubes and portions of the one or more second carbon nanotubes, wherein a plurality of the one or more second carbon nanotubes are in electrical communication with other second carbon nanotubes under the active material coating. Also provided herein is a method of making a battery and an electrode.

Provided herein is a battery and an electrode. The battery may include two electrodes; and an electrolyte, wherein at least one electrode further includes: a nano-scale coated network, which includes one or more first carbon nanotubes electrically connected to one or more second carbon nanotubes to form a nano-scale network, wherein at least one of the one or more second carbon nanotubes is in electrical contact with another of the one or more second carbon nanotubes. The battery may further include an active material coating distributed to cover portions of the one or more first carbon nanotubes and portions of the one or more second carbon nanotubes, wherein a plurality of the one or more second carbon nanotubes are in electrical communication with other second carbon nanotubes under the active material coating. Also provided herein is a method of making a battery and an electrode.

In an embodiment, the present disclosure pertains to a metal oxide-coated nanofiber yarn. In some embodiments, the metal oxide-coated nanofiber yarn includes a plurality of twisted carbon nanofibers. In some embodiments, each twisted carbon nanofiber includes a porous hollow fiber. In some embodiments, each twisted carbon nanofiber includes metal oxide nanoparticles coated on a surface thereof. In some embodiments, an outer surface of each twisted carbon nanofiber, an inner surface of each twisted carbon nanofiber, and holes or channels of a main fiber skeleton of the plurality of twisted carbon nanofibers with the possibility of transferring a metal ion are covered by the metal oxide nanoparticles. In a further embodiment, the present disclosure pertains to methods of making the metal oxide-coated nanofiber yarn. In an additional embodiment, the present disclosure pertains to a structural supercapacitor utilizing the metal oxide-coated nanofiber yarn.

In an embodiment, the present disclosure pertains to a metal oxide-coated nanofiber yarn. In some embodiments, the metal oxide-coated nanofiber yarn includes a plurality of twisted carbon nanofibers. In some embodiments, each twisted carbon nanofiber includes a porous hollow fiber. In some embodiments, each twisted carbon nanofiber includes metal oxide nanoparticles coated on a surface thereof. In some embodiments, an outer surface of each twisted carbon nanofiber, an inner surface of each twisted carbon nanofiber, and holes or channels of a main fiber skeleton of the plurality of twisted carbon nanofibers with the possibility of transferring a metal ion are covered by the metal oxide nanoparticles. In a further embodiment, the present disclosure pertains to methods of making the metal oxide-coated nanofiber yarn. In an additional embodiment, the present disclosure pertains to a structural supercapacitor utilizing the metal oxide-coated nanofiber yarn.

A supercapacitor is provided. The supercapacitor includes an elastic fiber, an internal electrode, a first electrolyte layer, and an external electrode. The internal electrode, the first electrolyte layer, and the external electrode are sequentially wrapped on an outer surface of the elastic fiber. The internal electrode includes a first carbon nanotube film and a NiO@MnO.sub.x composite structure, and the external electrode includes a second carbon nanotube film and a Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 layer.

A supercapacitor is provided. The supercapacitor includes an elastic fiber, an internal electrode, a first electrolyte layer, and an external electrode. The internal electrode, the first electrolyte layer, and the external electrode are sequentially wrapped on an outer surface of the elastic fiber. The internal electrode includes a first carbon nanotube film and a NiO@MnO.sub.x composite structure, and the external electrode includes a second carbon nanotube film and a Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 layer.

A dual-function supercapacitor carbon fiber composite stores electrical energy and functions, for example, as the body shell of electric vehicles (EVs). This is achieved with a vertically aligned graphene on carbon fiber electrode, upon which metal oxides were deposited to obtain ultra-high energy density anode and cathode. A high-strength multilayer carbon composite assembly is fabricated using an alternate layer patterning configuration of epoxy and polyacrylamide gel electrolyte. The energized composite delivers a high areal energy density of 0.31 mWh cm.sup.−2 at 0.3 mm thickness and showed a high tensile strength of 518 MPa, bending strength of 477 MPa, and impact strength 2666 J/m. To show application in EVs, a toy car body fabricated with energized composite operates using the energy stored inside the frame. Moreover, when integrated with a solar cell, this composite powered an IoT (interne of things) device, showing feasibility in communication satellites.