In a first aspect, the present invention relates to a perovskite material comprising negatively charged layers alternated with and neutralized by positively charged layers; the negatively charged layers having a general formula selected from the list consisting of: L.sub.n−1M.sub.nX.sub.3n+1, L.sub.nM.sub.nX.sub.3n+2, and L.sub.n−1M′.sub.nX.sub.3n+3, and the positively charged layers comprising: one or more organic ammonium cations independently selected from monovalent cations Q and divalent cations Q′, or a polyvalent cationic conjugated organic polymer Z, wherein Q, Q′ and Z comprise each a π-conjugated system in which at least 8 and preferably at least 10 atoms participate, L is a monovalent cation, M.sub.n are n independently selected metal cations averaging a valence of two, M′.sub.n are n independently selected metal cations averaging a valence equal to 2+2/n, X is a monovalent anion, and n is larger than 1.

Provided is a solar cell module including photoelectric conversion elements, wherein each of the photoelectric conversion elements includes a first substrate, and a first electrode, a hole blocking layer, an electron transport layer, a hole transport layer, a second electrode, and a second substrate on the first substrate, and a sealing member between the first substrate and the second substrate, and wherein, within at least two of the photoelectric conversion elements adjacent to each other, the hole-blocking layers are not extended to each other but the hole transport layers are in a state of a continuous layer where the hole transport layers are extended to each other.

The present invention provides novel triazatruxene derivatives that are useful as hole transport materials (HTM), particularly, in optoelectronic devices. The utility of the novel compounds was confirmed in solid-state, sensitized solar cells based on organic-inorganic perovskites used as light harvesters. The devices achieved high power conversion efficiencies.

An oxadiazole dye for use as an organic photosensitizer. The oxadiazole dye comprising donor-π-spacer-acceptor type portions in which at least one of an oxadiazole isomer acts as a π-conjugated bridge (spacer), a biphenyl unit acts as an electron-donating unit, a carboxyl group act as an electron acceptor group, and a cyano group acts as an anchor group. An optional thiophene group acts as part of the π-conjugated bridge (spacer). The dye for use as organic photosensitizers in a dye-sensitized solar cell and in photodynamic therapies. Computational DFT and time dependent DFT (TD-DFT) modeling techniques showing Light Harvesting Efficiency (LHE), Free Energy for Electron Injection (ΔG.sup.inject), Excitation Energies, and Frontier Molecular Orbitals (FMOs) indicate that the series of dye comprise a more negative ΔG.sup.inject and a higher LHE value; resulting in a higher incident photon to current efficiency (IPCE).

Presented herein is a voltaic cell containing light harvesting antennae or other biologically-based electron generating structures optionally in a microbial population, an electron siphon population having electron conductive properties with individual siphons configured to accept electrons from the light harvesting antennae and transport the electrons to a current collector, an optional light directing system (e.g., a mirror), and a regulator having sensing and regulatory feedback properties for the conversion of photobiochemical energy and biochemical energy to electricity. Also presented herein is a voltaic cell having electricity-generating abilities in the absence of light. Also presented herein is the use of the voltaic cell in a solar panel.

The present invention provides a novel method for producing a laminate to be used as a light-transmissive electrode layer and an N-type semiconductor layer of a wet or solid-state dye-sensitized solar cell comprising a light-transmissive electrode layer, an N-type semiconductor layer, a P-type semiconductor layer, and a facing electrode in this order. In said method, a member to be used as the light-transmissive electrode layer is cathode-polarized in a treatment solution containing a Ti component so as to form a titanium oxide layer to be used as the N-type semiconductor layer on said member.

Provided herein are dyes, dye-sensitized solar cells, and sequential series multijunction dye-sensitized solar cell devices. The dyes include an electron deficient acceptor moiety, a medium electron density ?-bridge moiety, and an electron rich donor moiety comprising a biaryl, a substituted biaryl, or an R1, R2, R3 substituted phenyl where each of R1, R2, and R3 independently comprises H, aryl, multiaryl, alkyl substituted aryl, alkoxy substituted aryl, alkyl substituted multiaryl, alkoxy substituted multiaryl, OR4, N(R5)2, or a combination thereof; each R4 independently comprises H, alkyl, aryl, alkyl substituted aryl, alkoxy substituted aryl, or a combination thereof; and each R5 independently comprises aryl, multiaryl, alkyl substituted aryl, alkoxy substituted aryl, alkyl substituted multiaryl, alkoxy substituted multiaryl, or a combination thereof. The solar cells include a glass substrate, a dye-sensitized active layer, and a redox shuttle. The devices include at least two dye-sensitized solar cells connected in series. ##STR00001##

Presented herein is a voltaic cell containing light harvesting antennae or other biologically-based electron generating structures optionally in a microbial population, an electron siphon population having electron conductive properties with individual siphons configured to accept electrons from the light harvesting antennae and transport the electrons to a current collector, an optional light directing system (e.g., a mirror), and a regulator having sensing and regulatory feedback properties for the conversion of photobiochemical energy and biochemical energy to electricity. Also presented herein is a voltaic cell having electricity-generating abilities in the absence of light. Also presented herein is the use of the voltaic cell in a solar panel.

The present disclosure discloses metal oxide nanoparticle ink, a method of preparing the same, a metal oxide nanoparticle thin film manufactured using the same, and a photoelectric device using the same. The method of preparing metal oxide nanoparticle ink according to an embodiment of the present disclosure includes a step of, using a ligand solution including a metal oxide and an organic ligand, synthesizing a first nanoparticle that is a metal oxide nanoparticle surrounded with the organic ligand; a step of preparing a dispersion solution by dispersing the first nanoparticle in a solvent; a step of preparing a second nanoparticle by mixing the dispersion solution and a pH-adjusted alcohol solvent and then performing ultrasonication treatment to remove the organic ligand surrounding the first nanoparticle; and a step of preparing metal oxide nanoparticle ink by dispersing the second nanoparticle in a dispersion solvent.

A doped organic semiconductor is produced using the method of providing an organic semiconductor solution, contacting the organic semiconductor solution with CO.sub.2; and irradiating the organic semiconductor solution with ultraviolet light. A composition is described, the composition comprising an organic semiconductor; and a metal salt having the formula M.sup.+X.sup.− wherein X.sup.− is a monoanionic species; and wherein the ratio of M.sup.+ to X.sup.− in the hole transport material is less than about 1.00. An additional composition is described, the composition comprising an organic semiconductor; a metal salt having the formula M.sup.+X.sup.− wherein X.sup.− is a monoanionic species; and a metal carbonate; wherein the total metal content of the composition is approximately equal to the X.sup.− content of the composition.