According to one embodiment, a plasma source includes a container being configured to store a gas, a cathode member, and an anode member. The cathode member is provided in the container. The cathode member includes a plurality of first cathode layers. Each the cathode layers are arranged along a plurality of sides of a polygon. Each of the first cathode layers includes a first surface facing inside the polygon. The first surface is planar. The anode member is provided in the container.

According to one embodiment, a plasma source includes a container being configured to store a gas, a cathode member, and an anode member. The cathode member is provided in the container. The cathode member includes a plurality of first cathode layers. Each the cathode layers are arranged along a plurality of sides of a polygon. Each of the first cathode layers includes a first surface facing inside the polygon. The first surface is planar. The anode member is provided in the container.

A bidirectional gas discharge tube (GDT) includes a discharge chamber, first and second cathodes, a gas disposed within the discharge chamber, and a control grid. The first and second cathodes are disposed within the discharge chamber and include first and second faces, respectively. The first face and the second face are plane-parallel. The gas is configured to insulate the first cathode from the second cathode. The control grid is disposed between the first and second cathodes within the discharge chamber. The control grid is configured to generate an electric field to initiate establishment of a conductive plasma between the first and second cathodes to close a conduction path extending between the first and second cathodes.

The invention relates to a nanoplasma switch device, comprising: —multiple electrically isolated electrodes; —a gap separating the two electrodes; wherein the gap has a width which is dimensioned to effect the generation of a plasma by electric-field electron emission.

The invention relates to a nanoplasma switch device, comprising: —multiple electrically isolated electrodes; —a gap separating the two electrodes; wherein the gap has a width which is dimensioned to effect the generation of a plasma by electric-field electron emission.

Various disclosed embodiments include thermionic energy converters and electronic circuitry for generating pulses for igniting plasma in a hermetic package of a thermionic energy converter. In various embodiments, an illustrative thermionic energy converter includes a hermetic package charged with a non-cesium gas additive. The hermetic package is configured to route into the hermetic package pulses for igniting plasma in the hermetic package. A cesium reservoir is disposed in the hermetic package. A cathode is disposed in the hermetic package and an anode is disposed in the hermetic package.

A bidirectional gas discharge tube (GDT) includes a discharge chamber, first and second cathodes, a gas disposed within the discharge chamber, and a control grid. The first and second cathodes are disposed within the discharge chamber and include first and second faces, respectively. The first face and the second face are plane-parallel. The gas is configured to insulate the first cathode from the second cathode. The control grid is disposed between the first and second cathodes within the discharge chamber. The control grid is configured to generate an electric field to initiate establishment of a conductive plasma between the first and second cathodes to close a conduction path extending between the first and second cathodes.

A high voltage gas switch includes a gas-tight housing containing an ionizable gas at a preselected gas pressure. The gas switch includes a gas-tight housing containing an ionizable gas at a gas pressure selected based upon a Paschen curve for the ionizable gas, where the Paschen curve plots breakdown voltages of the ionizable gas as a function of gas pressure multiplied by grid-to-anode distance, and where values of gas pressure multiplied by grid-to-anode distance increase over at least a portion of the Paschen curve in conjunction with increasing breakdown voltages. The gas switch also includes an anode disposed within the gas-tight housing, a cathode disposed within the gas-tight housing, and a control grid positioned between the anode and the cathode, where the control grid is spaced apart from the anode by a grid-to-anode distance selected based upon a desired operating voltage.

A high voltage gas switch includes a gas-tight housing containing an ionizable gas at a preselected gas pressure. The gas switch includes a gas-tight housing containing an ionizable gas at a gas pressure selected based upon a Paschen curve for the ionizable gas, where the Paschen curve plots breakdown voltages of the ionizable gas as a function of gas pressure multiplied by grid-to-anode distance, and where values of gas pressure multiplied by grid-to-anode distance increase over at least a portion of the Paschen curve in conjunction with increasing breakdown voltages. The gas switch also includes an anode disposed within the gas-tight housing, a cathode disposed within the gas-tight housing, and a control grid positioned between the anode and the cathode, where the control grid is spaced apart from the anode by a grid-to-anode distance selected based upon a desired operating voltage.

A gas switch includes a gas-tight housing containing an ionizable gas, an anode disposed within the gas-tight housing, and a cathode disposed within the gas-tight housing, where the cathode includes a conduction surface. The gas switch also includes a control grid positioned between the anode and the cathode, where the control grid is arranged to receive a bias voltage to establish a conducting plasma between the anode and the cathode. In addition, the gas switch includes a plurality of magnets selectively arranged to generate a magnetic field proximate the conduction surface that reduces the kinetic energy of charged particles striking the conduction surface and raises the conduction current density at the cathode surface to technically useful levels.