An annular cathode for a vacuum tube includes a central cylindrical support whose axis is that of the cathode; an outer peripheral electron emitter with annular section whose axis is that of the cathode, extending over the outer perimeter of the cathode; and a folded skirt, secured at an inner end to the central support, and secured, at its outer end, to a plurality of lugs; each lug being disposed in series with the folded skirt, and secured with the folded skirt and with the inner surface of the electron emitter.

An annular cathode for a vacuum tube includes a central cylindrical support whose axis is that of the cathode; an outer peripheral electron emitter with annular section whose axis is that of the cathode, extending over the outer perimeter of the cathode; and a folded skirt, secured at an inner end to the central support, and secured, at its outer end, to a plurality of lugs; each lug being disposed in series with the folded skirt, and secured with the folded skirt and with the inner surface of the electron emitter.

An analog amplification vacuum tube of the present invention suppresses influences of filament vibration on amplification characteristics. The analog amplification vacuum tube of the present invention is provided with a filament, an anode, a grid and a vibration-proof part. The filament is tensioned linearly and emits thermal electrons. The anode is disposed parallel to the filament. The grid is disposed between the filament and the anode so as to face the anode. The vibration-proof part includes a thin film usable in a vacuum environment and the thin film comes into contact with part of the filament.

An analog amplification vacuum tube of the present invention suppresses influences of filament vibration on amplification characteristics. The analog amplification vacuum tube of the present invention is provided with a filament, an anode, a grid and a vibration-proof part. The filament is tensioned linearly and emits thermal electrons. The anode is disposed parallel to the filament. The grid is disposed between the filament and the anode so as to face the anode. The vibration-proof part includes a thin film usable in a vacuum environment and the thin film comes into contact with part of the filament.

An annular cathode for a vacuum tube includes a central cylindrical support whose axis is that of the cathode; an outer peripheral electron emitter with annular section whose axis is that of the cathode, extending over the outer perimeter of the cathode; and a folded skirt, secured at an inner end to the central support, and secured, at its outer end, to a plurality of lugs; each lug being disposed in series with the folded skirt, and secured with the folded skirt and with the inner surface of the electron emitter.

An annular cathode for a vacuum tube includes a central cylindrical support whose axis is that of the cathode; an outer peripheral electron emitter with annular section whose axis is that of the cathode, extending over the outer perimeter of the cathode; and a folded skirt, secured at an inner end to the central support, and secured, at its outer end, to a plurality of lugs; each lug being disposed in series with the folded skirt, and secured with the folded skirt and with the inner surface of the electron emitter.

An analog amplification vacuum tube of the present invention suppresses influences of filament vibration on amplification characteristics. The analog amplification vacuum tube of the present invention is provided with a filament, an anode, a grid and a vibration-proof part. The filament is tensioned linearly and emits thermalelectrons. The anode is disposed parallel to the filament. The grid is disposed between the filament and the anode so as to face the anode. The vibration-proof part includes a thin film usable in a vacuum environment and the thin film comes into contact with part of the filament.

An analog amplification vacuum tube of the present invention suppresses influences of filament vibration on amplification characteristics. The analog amplification vacuum tube of the present invention is provided with a filament, an anode, a grid and a vibration-proof part. The filament is tensioned linearly and emits thermalelectrons. The anode is disposed parallel to the filament. The grid is disposed between the filament and the anode so as to face the anode. The vibration-proof part includes a thin film usable in a vacuum environment and the thin film comes into contact with part of the filament.

InGaN offers a route to high efficiency overall water splitting under one-step photo-excitation. Further, the chemical stability of metal-nitrides supports their use as an alternative photocatalyst. However, the efficiency of overall water splitting using InGaN and other visible light responsive photocatalysts has remained extremely low despite prior art work addressing optical absorption through band gap engineering. Within this prior art the detrimental effects of unbalanced charge carrier extraction/collection on the efficiency of the four electron-hole water splitting reaction have remained largely unaddressed. To address this growth processes are presented that allow for controlled adjustment and establishment of the appropriate Fermi level and/or band bending in order to allow the photochemical water splitting to proceed at high rate and high efficiency. Beneficially, establishing such material surface charge properties also reduces photo-corrosion and instability under harsh photocatalysis conditions.

An arrangement for damping vibrations during microscopic examinations of inorganic and organic material specimens in an evacuated measuring at low temperatures that are cooled by an electromechanical cryocooler suppresses transfer of vibrations from the cryocooler onto the specimen, the microscope table and the instrument table. The arrangement includes a cryocooler unit and a microscopy unit combined with a damping unit preferably located on a common longitudinal axis. The damping unit has a series arrangement of inter-coupled evacuable compensation chambers arranged along the longitudinal axis, the series arrangement being combined with damper groups, two of which act at least diametrically. A clamping unit is operationally connected to the damping unit at at least two points on the series arrangement. A tension force of the damping unit is adjustable.