Disclosed herein is a high-power device for supplying a radiofrequency electromagnetic field to a waveguide. The device comprises a magnetron configured to supply a radiofrequency electromagnetic field to a waveguide and a control unit configured to control the magnetron to output radiofrequency energy to the waveguide. The magnetron comprises a high voltage pulse connection enclosed in an enclosure, a heater connection configured to allow an electrical connection to penetrate the enclosure and a mechanism configured to transmit data between the magnetron and the control unit.

A number of low voltage vacuum tube circuits include using supply voltages well below the manufacturer's recommended voltages applied to the plate or screen grid. Some of the tube circuits operate at near zero plate and or screen grid voltages. Other low voltage circuits have forward biasing on one or more grids that are normally biased at a non positive voltage or a grid that is normally connected a cathode. Substantially lower supply voltages allow for example, the filament supply to also supply voltage to the plate and or grid for providing an output signal at a grid and or a plate.

A number of low voltage vacuum tube circuits include using supply voltages well below the manufacturer's recommended voltages applied to the plate or screen grid. Some of the tube circuits operate at near zero plate and or screen grid voltages. Other low voltage circuits have forward biasing on one or more grids that are normally biased at a non positive voltage or a grid that is normally connected a cathode. Substantially lower supply voltages allow for example, the filament supply to also supply voltage to the plate and or grid for providing an output signal at a grid and or a plate.

A feedthrough for providing an electrical connection is provided. The feedthrough comprises a conductor and a quartz or a glass structure configured to surround at least a portion of the conductor and provide isolation to the conductor. The conductor and the quartz or glass structure may be coaxially arranged. The feedthrough can provide an electrical connection between an inside and outside of a vacuum chamber that contains a sample.

A feedthrough for providing an electrical connection is provided. The feedthrough comprises a conductor and a quartz or a glass structure configured to surround at least a portion of the conductor and provide isolation to the conductor. The conductor and the quartz or glass structure may be coaxially arranged. The feedthrough can provide an electrical connection between an inside and outside of a vacuum chamber that contains a sample.

An apparatus for coupling to an input connection of an electron gun, the input connection having a heater terminal and a cathode terminal, includes: a connector having a first end and a second end; wherein the first end of the connector is configured to attach to a cable; wherein the second end of the connector is configured to connect to the input connection of the electron gun; and wherein the connector comprises an opening configured to receive the heater terminal of the input connection of the electron gun.

A feedthrough for providing an electrical connection is provided. The feedthrough comprises a conductor and a quartz or a glass structure configured to surround at least a portion of the conductor and provide isolation to the conductor. The conductor and the quartz or glass structure may be coaxially arranged. The feedthrough can provide an electrical connection between an inside and outside of a vacuum chamber that contains a sample.

A magnetron includes a cathode and a cathode supply lead structure connected to the cathode. A connector is included for electrically connecting to the lead structure and adapted for connection to an external power supply. An electrically conductive casing surrounds the connector. Electrically insulating material is included within the casing and surrounds the connector. The insulating material may be potting material.

A magnetron includes a cathode and a cathode supply lead structure connected to the cathode. A connector is included for electrically connecting to the lead structure and adapted for connection to an external power supply. An electrically conductive casing surrounds the connector. Electrically insulating material is included within the casing and surrounds the connector. The insulating material may be potting material.

A feedthrough for providing an electrical connection is provided. The feedthrough comprises a conductor and a quartz or a glass structure configured to surround at least a portion of the conductor and provide isolation to the conductor. The conductor and the quartz or glass structure may be coaxially arranged. The feedthrough can provide an electrical connection between an inside and outside of a vacuum chamber that contains a sample.