A photoinjector system containing modularly-structured waveguide-mode launcher, which is reversibly connected to the RF gun (containing a tubular construction formed with disattachably-affixed to one another structurally-complementary halves); and a solenoid magnet in operation enclosing such tubular structure in a central hollow. The resulting quality, power, and frequency rate of operation as well as cost of manufacturing and operation of the system are superior as compared with those of a related art system.

A power supply circuit and a field emission electron source are provided. The power supply circuit includes: field effect transistors S.sub.i coupled in series via drains and sources in sequence, wherein 1≤i≤n, n≥2, and wherein a source of S.sub.1 is coupled to a negative electrode of a voltage source, and a drain of S.sub.n is used as an output terminal of the power supply circuit to couple to a load; a first group of diodes D.sub.1i coupled in series; a first group of resistors R.sub.1j, 2≤j≤n; and a current feedback module configured to adjust an internal resistance of the field effect transistors S.sub.i, coupled in series in sequence, so as to cause a current passing through the load to be constant; wherein the field effect transistors S.sub.i, 1≤i≤n, operate in a constant current region.

Example compact modular electron beam units are provided that can be used to generate electron beams using field emitter elements. A modular electron beam unit may comprise an electron beam source including a base portion, at least one field emitter element coupled to the base portion, the field emitter element including a field emitter tip, at least one gate electrode and a membrane window disposed over the at least one gate electrode.

A field emission device is configured as a heat engine, wherein the configuration of the heat engine is variable.

An image intensifier sensor for acquiring, amplifying and displaying images and including a vacuum envelope, the image intensifier sensor including a photocathode arranged for releasing photoelectrons into the vacuum envelope upon electromagnetic radiation acquired from the images which impinges the photocathode, an anode, spaced apart from and in facing relationship with the photocathode, arranged for receiving the photoelectrons and converting the photoelectrons for displaying the images on the basis thereof, and a power supply unit for providing power to the image intensifier sensor, wherein the image intensifier sensor further includes potting material, wherein the potting material comprises a foam compound.

An electron emission device includes a substrate and an electron emission layer. The electron emission layer is provided above the substrate, and is provided with an opening. The electron emission layer has an edge defining the opening and is configured to emit electrons from the edge when the edge is irradiated with light.

The invention relates to a device (20) for producing an electron beam (4), which comprises a hot cathode (1), a cathode electrode (2), an anode electrode (3) having an opening (6) through which an electron beam (4) produced by the device can pass, wherein during the operation of the device (20) a voltage for accelerating the electrons exiting from the hot cathode (1) is applied between the cathode electrode (2) and the anode electrode (3), and further comprising deflection means that can deflect the electron beam (4) that has passed through the opening of the anode electrode (3), wherein the deflection means comprise at least one deflection electrode (8, 12), which can reflect the electron beam (4) and/or which comprises a deflection surface (9) that is inclined towards the propagation direction of the electron beam (4).

The invention relates to a device (20) for producing an electron beam (4), which comprises a hot cathode (1), a cathode electrode (2), an anode electrode (3) having an opening (6) through which an electron beam (4) produced by the device can pass, wherein during the operation of the device (20) a voltage for accelerating the electrons exiting from the hot cathode (1) is applied between the cathode electrode (2) and the anode electrode (3), and further comprising deflection means that can deflect the electron beam (4) that has passed through the opening of the anode electrode (3), wherein the deflection means comprise at least one deflection electrode (8, 12), which can reflect the electron beam (4) and/or which comprises a deflection surface (9) that is inclined towards the propagation direction of the electron beam (4).

Accelerator apparatus (100) for accelerating charged particles (2) with pulsed radiation includes horn-shaped coupling device (10) with at least one horn coupler (11, 15) having input aperture (12), electrically conductive walls (13) and output aperture (14), wherein pulsed radiation is received at input aperture and focused towards output aperture, and waveguide device (20) coupled with the output aperture and configured for receiving focused pulsed radiation. Waveguide device includes injection section (21) for providing charged particles and subjecting them to acceleration by pulsed radiation in injection section, and lateral output port (23) for releasing accelerated charged particles along particle acceleration direction. The at least one horn coupler receives linearly polarized single cycle pulses (1) including broadband frequency spectrum shaped as a linearly polarized plane wave and focuses linearly polarized single cycle pulses. Waveguide device has non-resonant broadband transmission characteristic. Furthermore, charged particle gun and method of accelerating charged particles are described.

A Hybrid (SW+TW) Linear Acellerator is disclosed having high beam efficiency and broad energy regulation that is useful for security inspection, non-destructive testing, radiotherapy, and electron beam irradiation of objects. The Hybrid Linear Accelerator (LINAC) provides superior energy regulation, and includes a reversed RF power distribution which substantially improves RF power utilization, thereby eliminating need for an output RF load, and ensuring broad electron beam energy regulation operating in a broad range of input RF power, thereby efficiently running at a variety of input electron beam current intensities at high efficiency. The Hybrid LINAC may be equipped with a fast and/or slow phase shifter and/or a power regulator having a phase shifter and a current regulator, while operating much more efficiently than known LINACS. The Hybrid LINAC permits efficient operation without an external magnetic field, thereby avoiding use of a power-consuming solenoid, consequently reducing cost of production, operation, and maintenance.