A magnetic photomultiplier tube (PMT) system, including a PMT. The PMT including a photocathode for converting an impinging photon to a photoelectron, an anode, and at least two or a series of oppositely facing pairs of dynodes, wherein each pair is spaced apart from an adjacent pair, a first electric field being generated intermediate at least one pair of oppositely facing dynodes and a second electric field generated intermediate at least one adjacent pairs of dynodes. The PMT system includes a magnetic field generated by a magnetic system, the PMT being positioned within the magnetic field.

A multi-channel photomultiplier tube (PMT) detector assembly includes a photocathode. The detector assembly includes a first dynode channel including a first set of dynode pathways. The first set of dynode pathways include a plurality of dynode stages configured to receive a first portion of the photoelectrons and direct a first amplified photoelectron current onto a first anode. The detector assembly includes an additional dynode channel including an additional set of dynode pathways. The additional set of dynode pathways includes a plurality of dynode stages configured to receive an additional portion of the photoelectrons and direct an additional amplified photoelectron current onto an additional anode. The detector assembly includes a grid configured to direct the first portion of the photoelectrons to one or more of the first set of pathways and an additional portion of the photoelectrons to one or more of the additional set of pathways.

A multi-channel photomultiplier tube (PMT) detector assembly includes a photocathode. The detector assembly includes a first dynode channel including a first set of dynode pathways. The first set of dynode pathways include a plurality of dynode stages configured to receive a first portion of the photoelectrons and direct a first amplified photoelectron current onto a first anode. The detector assembly includes an additional dynode channel including an additional set of dynode pathways. The additional set of dynode pathways includes a plurality of dynode stages configured to receive an additional portion of the photoelectrons and direct an additional amplified photoelectron current onto an additional anode. The detector assembly includes a grid configured to direct the first portion of the photoelectrons to one or more of the first set of pathways and an additional portion of the photoelectrons to one or more of the additional set of pathways.

Techniques produce integrated native metal oxide discrete elements which can be used to fabricate discrete dynode electron multiplier (DDEM) devices, for example by creating dynodes with a native oxide as secondary electron emissive (SEE) layer from a metal block. The metal block may comprise or consist of a metal base component, for example Al, Al alloys or BeCu, of metal oxide SEE materials Al2O3 or BeO. Growing a native oxide from these base metals, Al2O3 or BeO eliminates the need of a costly and time-consuming SEE coating on the dynode surface. Furthermore, aluminum alloys offer intrinsic dopant, in particular magnesium where its oxide provides a higher secondary electron yield than the aluminum oxide. The use of aluminum, its alloys or BeCu material block allows flexibility in design and fabrication of DDEM without an SEE coating process.

Techniques produce integrated native metal oxide discrete elements which can be used to fabricate discrete dynode electron multiplier (DDEM) devices, for example by creating dynodes with a native oxide as secondary electron emissive (SEE) layer from a metal block. The metal block may comprise or consist of a metal base component, for example Al, Al alloys or BeCu, of metal oxide SEE materials Al2O3 or BeO. Growing a native oxide from these base metals, Al2O3 or BeO eliminates the need of a costly and time-consuming SEE coating on the dynode surface. Furthermore, aluminum alloys offer intrinsic dopant, in particular magnesium where its oxide provides a higher secondary electron yield than the aluminum oxide. The use of aluminum, its alloys or BeCu material block allows flexibility in design and fabrication of DDEM without an SEE coating process.

A first-stage dynode is a first-stage dynode to be used in a photomultiplier tube, and includes a bottom wall portion and a pair of side wall portions extending from both end portions of the bottom wall portion in a predetermined direction to one side. An electron emission surface is formed by a bottom surface of the bottom wall portion on the one side and a pair of side surfaces of the pair of side wall portions on the one side, and each of the pair of side surfaces is a curved surface that is curved in a concave shape in a cross section parallel to the predetermined direction.

A first-stage dynode is a first-stage dynode to be used in a photomultiplier tube, and includes a bottom wall portion and a pair of side wall portions extending from both end portions of the bottom wall portion in a predetermined direction to one side. An electron emission surface is formed by a bottom surface of the bottom wall portion on the one side and a pair of side surfaces of the pair of side wall portions on the one side, and each of the pair of side surfaces is a curved surface that is curved in a concave shape in a cross section parallel to the predetermined direction.

A first-stage dynode is a first-stage dynode to be used in a photomultiplier tube, and includes a bottom wall portion and a pair of side wall portions extending from both end portions of the bottom wall portion in a predetermined direction to one side. An electron emission surface is formed by a bottom surface of the bottom wall portion on the one side and a pair of side surfaces of the pair of side wall portions on the one side, and each of the pair of side surfaces is a curved surface that is curved in a concave shape in a cross section parallel to the predetermined direction.

A first-stage dynode is a first-stage dynode to be used in a photomultiplier tube, and includes a bottom wall portion and a pair of side wall portions extending from both end portions of the bottom wall portion in a predetermined direction to one side. An electron emission surface is formed by a bottom surface of the bottom wall portion on the one side and a pair of side surfaces of the pair of side wall portions on the one side, and each of the pair of side surfaces is a curved surface that is curved in a concave shape in a cross section parallel to the predetermined direction.

An electron multiplier production method including a main body portion, and a channel provided in the main body portion to open at one end surface and the other end surface of the main body portion and emits secondary electrons includes a first step of preparing a main body member including the one end surface and the other end surface, a communicating hole for the channel through which the one end surface and the other end surface communicate being provided in the main body member, a second step of forming the channel by forming a deposition layer including at least a resistive layer on an outer surface of the main body member and an inner surface of the communicating hole using an atomic layer deposition method, and a third step of forming the main body portion by removing the deposition layer formed on the outer surface of the main body member.