A bonding apparatus includes a first holder, a second holder, a first interferometer, a housing, a gas supply and an airflow control cover. The first holder attracts and holds the first substrate. The second holder attracts and holds the second substrate. The first interferometer measures, by radiating light to the second holder or a first object which is moved along with the second holder in the first horizontal direction, a distance to the second holder or the first object in the first horizontal direction. The housing accommodates therein the first holder, the second holder and the first interferometer. The gas supply is provided at a lateral side of the housing, and supplies a gas into the housing. The airflow control cover is provided within the housing, and redirects a part of a flow of the gas supplied from the gas supply toward a first path of the light.

A bonding apparatus includes a first holder, a second holder, a first interferometer, a housing, a gas supply and an airflow control cover. The first holder attracts and holds the first substrate. The second holder attracts and holds the second substrate. The first interferometer measures, by radiating light to the second holder or a first object which is moved along with the second holder in the first horizontal direction, a distance to the second holder or the first object in the first horizontal direction. The housing accommodates therein the first holder, the second holder and the first interferometer. The gas supply is provided at a lateral side of the housing, and supplies a gas into the housing. The airflow control cover is provided within the housing, and redirects a part of a flow of the gas supplied from the gas supply toward a first path of the light.

A first metal layer can be deposited over first dielectric material layers of a first substrate, and can be patterned into first bonding pads. A first low-k material layer can be formed over the first bonding pads. The first low-k material layer includes a low-k dielectric material such as a MOF dielectric material or organosilicate glass. A second semiconductor die including second bonding pads can be provided. The first bonding pads are bonded to the second bonding pads to form a bonded assembly.

A bonded assembly includes a first semiconductor die containing a first substrate, first semiconductor devices, and first bonding pads that are electrically connected to a respective node of the first semiconductor devices, a second semiconductor die containing a second substrate, second semiconductor devices, and second bonding pads that are electrically connected to a respective node of the second semiconductor devices and bonded to a respective one of the first bonding pads, and at least one metal-organic framework (MOF) dielectric layer that laterally surrounds at least one of the first bonding pads and the second bonding pads.

A first metal layer can be deposited over first dielectric material layers of a first substrate, and can be patterned into first bonding pads. A first low-k material layer can be formed over the first bonding pads. The first low-k material layer includes a low-k dielectric material such as a MOF dielectric material or organosilicate glass. A second semiconductor die including second bonding pads can be provided. The first bonding pads are bonded to the second bonding pads to form a bonded assembly.

A bonded assembly includes a first semiconductor die containing a first substrate, first semiconductor devices, and first bonding pads that are electrically connected to a respective node of the first semiconductor devices, a second semiconductor die containing a second substrate, second semiconductor devices, and second bonding pads that are electrically connected to a respective node of the second semiconductor devices and bonded to a respective one of the first bonding pads, and at least one metal-oxide framework (MOF) dielectric layer that laterally surrounds at least one of the first bonding pads and the second bonding pads.

A method of transferring a micro device is provided. The method includes: aligning a transfer plate with the micro device thereon with a receiving substrate having a contact pad thereon such that the micro device is above or in contact with the contact pad; moving a combination of the transfer plate with the micro device thereon and the receiving substrate into a confined space with a relative humidity greater than or equal to about 85% so as to condense some water between the micro device and the contact pad; and attaching the micro device to the contact pad.

A method of transferring a micro device is provided. The method includes: aligning a transfer plate with the micro device thereon with a receiving substrate having a contact pad thereon such that the micro device is above or in contact with the contact pad; moving a combination of the transfer plate with the micro device thereon and the receiving substrate into a confined space with a relative humidity greater than or equal to about 85% so as to condense some water between the micro device and the contact pad; and attaching the micro device to the contact pad.

A method of transferring a micro device is provided. The method includes: aligning a transfer plate with the micro device thereon with a receiving substrate having a contact pad thereon such that the micro device is above or in contact with the contact pad; moving a combination of the transfer plate with the micro device thereon and the receiving substrate into a confined space with a relative humidity greater than or equal to about 85% so as to condense some water between the micro device and the contact pad; and attaching the micro device to the contact pad.

A method of transferring a micro device is provided. The method includes: aligning a transfer plate with the micro device thereon with a receiving substrate having a contact pad thereon such that the micro device is above or in contact with the contact pad; moving a combination of the transfer plate with the micro device thereon and the receiving substrate into a confined space with a relative humidity greater than or equal to about 85% so as to condense some water between the micro device and the contact pad; and attaching the micro device to the contact pad.