The voltage to current converter according to the present embodiments includes a charge transfer device, a smoother and a current generator. The charge transfer device accumulates charge corresponding to an input voltage, and transfers the accumulated charge. The smoother accumulates the transferred charge to smooth an output voltage. The current generator generates a current corresponding to the input voltage by use of a current corresponding to the charge accumulated in the smoother.

A photoelectric computing unit, a photoelectric computing array and a photoelectric computing method. The photoelectric computing unit includes a semiconductor multifunctional region structure, which includes at least one carrier control region, at least one coupling region, and at least one photon-generated carrier collection region and readout region.

A charge-coupled device (CCD) memory is provided. In one aspect, the CCD memory is 3D integrated. The CCD memory can include a gate stack with a plurality of gate layers and spacer layers alternatingly arranged one on the other, and a plurality of semiconductor-based channels extending in the stack. The channels may be formed from a semiconductor oxide material. The CCD memory can include dielectric layers, wherein each dielectric layer is arranged between one of the channels and at least one of the gate layers. Each channel of the CCD memory can form, in combination with the gate layers and at least one of the dielectric layers, a string of charge storage capacitors, and each string of charge storage capacitors can be operable as a CCD register. The CCD memory can also include a readout layer, which can include a plurality of readout stages configured to individually readout stored charge from each of the CCD registers.

The voltage to current converter according to the present embodiments includes a charge transfer device, a smoother and a current generator. The charge transfer device accumulates charge corresponding to an input voltage, and transfers the accumulated charge. The smoother accumulates the transferred charge to smooth an output voltage. The current generator generates a current corresponding to the input voltage by use of a current corresponding to the charge accumulated in the smoother.

The voltage to current converter according to the present embodiments includes a charge transfer device, a smoother and a current generator. The charge transfer device accumulates charge corresponding to an input voltage, and transfers the accumulated charge. The smoother accumulates the transferred charge to smooth an output voltage. The current generator generates a current corresponding to the input voltage by use of a current corresponding to the charge accumulated in the smoother.