An electronic circuit can have a first plurality of vertical Hall elements and a second plurality of vertical Hall elements all disposed on a substrate having a plurality of crystal unit cells, wherein the first plurality of vertical Hall elements have longitudinal axes disposed within five degrees of parallel to an edge of the crystal unit cells, and wherein the second plurality of vertical Hall elements have longitudinal axes disposed between eighty-five and ninety-five degrees relative to the longitudinal axes of the first plurality of vertical Hall elements.

There is disclosed a memory element including a memory layer that has a magnetization perpendicular to a film face; a magnetization-fixed layer that has a magnetization that is perpendicular to the film face; and an insulating layer that is provided between the memory layer and the magnetization-fixed layer, wherein an electron that is spin-polarized is injected in a lamination direction of a layered structure, and thereby the magnetization direction of the memory layer varies and a recording of information is performed, a magnitude of an effective diamagnetic field which the memory layer receives is smaller than a saturated magnetization amount of the memory layer, and in regard to the insulating layer and the other side layer with which the memory layer comes into contact at a side opposite to the insulating layer, at least an interface that comes into contact with the memory layer is formed of an oxide film.

A memory slot including a pad formed of a stack of regions made of thin layers, including a first region made of a nonmagnetic conducting material; a second region made of a magnetic material exhibiting a magnetization in a direction perpendicular to the principal plane of the pad; a third region made of a nonmagnetic conducting material of different characteristics to those of the first region; the pad resting on a conducting track adapted to cause the flow of a programming current of chosen sense, in which the pad has an asymmetric shape with respect to any plane perpendicular to the plane of the layers and parallel to the central axis of the track, and with respect to its barycenter.

According to various embodiments, there is provided a memory device including at least one sense amplifier having a first side and a second side, wherein the second side opposes the first side; a first array including a plurality of memory cells arranged at the first side; a second array including a plurality of memory cells arranged at the second side; a first row including a plurality of mid-point reference units arranged at the first side; and a second row including a plurality of mid-point reference units arranged at the second side, wherein each mid-point reference unit of the first row is configured to generate a first reference voltage, and wherein each mid-point reference unit of the second row is configured to generate a second reference voltage; wherein the sense amplifier is configured to determine a resistance state of a memory cell of the first array based on the second reference voltage; wherein the sense amplifier is configured to determine a resistance state of a memory cell of the second array based on the first reference voltage.

A memory cell array structure includes memory cells arranged in m rows and n columns on a substrate, and n columns of first and second well regions with different conductivity types alternatively arranged along the column direction. Each of the memory cells includes first and second diodes. The first diode formed of a first doped region in the same column is disposed in the first well region. The second diode formed of a second doped region in the same column is disposed in the second well region. A third doped region having the conductivity type of the first well region is disposed in the first well region and is connected to the reset line of the same column. A fourth doped region having the conductivity type of the second well region is disposed in the second well region and is connected to the bit line of the same column.

An MTJ structure having vertical magnetic anisotropy is provided. The MTJ structure having vertical magnetic anisotropy can comprise: a substrate; an artificial antiferromagnetic layer located on the substrate; a buffer layer located on the artificial antiferromagnetic layer, and including W or an alloy containing W; a first ferromagnetic layer located on the buffer layer, and having vertical magnetic anisotropy; a tunneling barrier layer located on the first ferromagnetic layer; and a second ferromagnetic layer located on the tunneling barrier layer, and having vertical magnetic anisotropy. Accordingly, in the application of bonding the artificial antiferromagnetic layer with a CoFeB/MgO/CoFeB structure, the MTJ structure having improved thermal stability at high temperature can be provided by using the buffer layer therebetween.

A multi-chip package includes a field-programmable-gate-array (FPGA) integrated-circuit (IC) chip configured to perform a logic function based on a truth table, wherein the field-programmable-gate-array (FPGA) integrated-circuit (IC) chip comprises multiple non-volatile memory cells therein configured to store multiple resulting values of the truth table, and a programmable logic block therein configured to select, in accordance with one of the combinations of its inputs, one from the resulting values into its output; and a memory chip coupling to the field-programmable-gate-array (FPGA) integrated-circuit (IC) chip, wherein a data bit width between the field-programmable-gate-array (FPGA) integrated-circuit (IC) chip and the memory chip is greater than or equal to 64.

A method of manufacturing an MRAM device includes sequentially forming a first insulating interlayer and an etch-stop layer on a substrate. A lower electrode is formed through the etch-stop layer and the first insulating interlayer. An MTJ structure layer and an upper electrode are sequentially formed on the lower electrode and the etch-stop layer. The MTJ structure layer is patterned by a physical etching process using the upper electrode as an etching mask to form an MTJ structure at least partially contacting the lower electrode. The first insulating interlayer is protected by the etch-stop layer so not to be etched by the physical etching process.

A magnetic memory of an embodiment includes: a first magnetic member including a first and second portions and extending in a first direction; a first and second wirings disposed to be apart from the first magnetic member and extending in a second direction intersecting the first direction, the first and the second wirings being separated from each other in a third direction intersecting the first and second directions, the first magnetic member being disposed to be apart from a region between the first wiring and the second wiring in the first direction; and a second magnetic member surrounding at least parts of the first and second wirings, the second magnetic member including a third portion located to be more distant from the first magnetic member, a fourth portion located to be closer to the first magnetic member, and a fifth portion located in the region.

A magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) is disclosed wherein a free layer (FL) interfaces with a first metal oxide (Mox) layer and second metal oxide (tunnel barrier) to produce perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) in the FL. In some embodiments, conductive metal channels made of a noble metal are formed in the Mox that is MgO to reduce parasitic resistance. In a second embodiment, a discontinuous MgO layer with a plurality of islands is formed as the Mox layer and a non-magnetic hard mask layer is deposited to fill spaces between adjacent islands and form shorting pathways through the Mox. In another embodiment, end portions between the sides of a center Mox portion and the MTJ sidewall are reduced to form shorting pathways by depositing a reducing metal layer on Mox sidewalls, or performing a reduction process with forming gas, H.sub.2, or a reducing species.