Disclosed in at least one embodiment herein is a battery separator comprising a substrate that may be polymeric and porous. The substrate may have ribs, protrusions, or ribs and protrusions on one or both faces or surfaces thereof. On at least one surface or face of the substrate, a material layer may be formed. The material layer may contain a material with an oil absorption value equal to or greater than 15 g oil/100 g of material. The battery separator disclosed herein is useful in a lead acid battery, particularly in a flooded lead acid battery or a valve-regulated lead acid (VRLA) battery. The battery separator described herein has many benefits including helping mitigate or prevent issues such as acid stratification and others that may deteriorate battery performance or battery life.

An electrochemical cell assembly includes an electrochemical cell including housing and a negative active material disposed within a first electrode chamber of the housing. The negative active material includes lead. The electrochemical cell further includes a positive active material disposed within a second electrode chamber of the housing and a separator disposed in the housing between the first electrode chamber and the second electrode chamber. The positive active material includes lead and/or lead dioxide. The electrochemical cell assembly further includes a pumping assembly configured to pump a plurality of electrolytes through either the first electrode chamber or the second electrode chamber during operation of the electrochemical cell based on a process of a cell cycle of the electrochemical cell.

Disclosed are electrode plates for a lead acid battery. The electrode plates are formed of an electrode plate having a face, the electrode plate comprising a lead or lead alloy grid coated with an active material and the electrode plates having a porous, non-woven mat comprised of polymer fibers coating on the face of the electrode plate, as well as a method for making the coated electrode plates and lead acid batteries containing the coated electrode plates.

A lead-acid battery includes a positive electrode plate, a negative electrode plate, an electrolyte solution, and a polymer compound, in which the positive electrode plate includes a positive current collector and a positive electrode material, the negative electrode plate includes a negative current collector and a negative electrode material, the Ca content of the positive current collector is 0.13% by mass or less, and the polymer compound has a peak in a range of 3.2 ppm or more and 3.8 ppm or less in a chemical shift of .sup.1H-NMR spectrum, or the polymer compound contains a repeating structure of oxy C.sub.2-4 alkylene units.

A method for estimating a state of charge of a valve regulated lead-acid battery includes; an overcharge amount identification step of identifying an overcharge amount when the lead-acid battery is overcharged after an arbitrary reference time; an open circuit voltage acquisition step of acquiring an open circuit voltage of the lead-acid battery after the reference time; and a state-of-charge estimation step of estimating a state of charge of the lead-acid battery based on the acquired open circuit voltage and a correlation between an open circuit voltage and state of charge in which a rate of change of the state of charge with respect to the open circuit voltage is smaller as the overcharge amount from the reference time until an acquisition time of the open circuit voltage is larger.

The present disclosure relates to a bipolar battery comprising one or more troughs formed therein and cooperating with one or more channels, the troughs adapted to guide flow of electrolyte to provide for faster and more uniform flow of the electrolyte. The disclosure relates to a bipolar battery assembly comprising: a) a plurality of electrode plates stacked together to form an electrode plate stack; b) one or more electrochemical cells, wherein each electrochemical cell is formed between a pair of electrode plates; c) one or more separators disposed within the one or more electrochemical cells; and d) one or more troughs formed in each of the one or more electrochemical cells and adapted to guide flow of electrolyte into the one or more electrochemical cells. The present disclosure further relates to a method for preparing a battery assembly. The method may utilize circulating one or more fluids through the battery assembly during preparation. Circulating fluids may be part of thermal control cycling.

The disclosure relates to a system comprising a holder and stored energy sources which can be placed in the holder, in particular rechargeable batteries, each having a casing which has side walls and in which are placed electrode plates oriented parallel to the side walls and nonwoven materials containing a bound electrolyte, the electrode plates being placed between adjacent nonwoven materials. The holder consists of at least two supports placed one above the other to hold stored energy sources in such a manner that the side walls of the casing which are oriented parallel to the electrode plates are oriented substantially horizontally. At least one pressure element is situated between the supports and rests on the side walls of the casing of the stored energy sources and transmits at least the weight force of the stored energy sources situated at the top of the holder to stored energy sources situated underneath the stored energy sources situated at the top.

Plant for the electrochemical formation of lead-acid batteries, which comprises an external circuit (5) in which an electrolytic solution flows with controlled temperature; such solution traverses the single cells (2) provided with metering caps (17) provided with an inlet duct (18) connected with a first connector to a distribution manifold (9) of the circuit and with an outlet duct connected with a second connector to return means (7) of the circuit. The plant also comprises suction means connected to the distribution manifold (9) and actuatable to suck, with the feeding to the distribution manifold (9) interrupted, the electrolytic solution contained in the distribution manifold (9) as well as possible lumps therewith that have stopped in the inlet ducts and/or in the first connectors for feeding the cells (2).

Improved battery separators, batteries, and systems, as well as methods relating thereto are disclosed herein for use in various lead acid batteries such as valve-regulated lead acid (VRLA) batteries that include one or more AGM layers. The improved battery separators described herein may provide a battery system with an advantage of a significantly decreased acid filling time and a significantly increased acid filling speed. Various improved batteries, methods and systems are described herein using such improved battery separators that increase acid filling speed and decrease acid filling time for a VRLA battery.

Embodiments of the present application disclose a battery repair method and apparatus, and relate to the battery field, so as to improve a battery repair effect. The method includes: determining, by a power system, a failure mode of a battery according to an abuse record of the battery or a performance parameter of the battery, where the abuse record includes a usage record of a situation in which a preset usage range of the performance parameter of the battery is exceeded, and the performance parameter of the battery is used to represent performance of the battery; determining, by the power system according to the failure mode of the battery, a power repair policy for repairing the battery; and repairing, by the power system, the battery according to a selected power repair policy. According to the method, a failing battery can be repaired.