The present invention discloses a method for making lead-carbon electrode sheets, lead-carbon electrode sheets and lead-carbon battery. The method consists of steps of oxidizing lead under low-temperature atmosphere and the oxidized lead is used as interface layer of lead-carbon coupling, and using a specialized ventilation method for the carbon to coat the lead. The interface layer of oxidized lead forms a stable interface between the carbon and the lead. Meanwhile, through controlling pressure and temperature, a multi-porous metal composite is formed and the porosity can be penetration paths for air and liquid when the multi-porous metal composite is applied. The lead-carbon composite is applied as a lead-carbon electrode sheet and is further welded as a lead-carbon electrode sheet of a lead-carbon battery. The lead-carbon battery carrying the lead-carbon electrode demonstrates Coulomb efficiency of 100% without heat loss on an unsaturated charge-discharge condition of high-efficiency charging and high-efficiency discharging.

The present invention discloses a method for making lead-carbon electrode sheets, lead-carbon electrode sheets and lead-carbon battery. The method consists of steps of oxidizing lead under low-temperature atmosphere and the oxidized lead is used as interface layer of lead-carbon coupling, and using a specialized ventilation method for the carbon to coat the lead. The interface layer of oxidized lead forms a stable interface between the carbon and the lead. Meanwhile, through controlling pressure and temperature, a multi-porous metal composite is formed and the porosity can be penetration paths for air and liquid when the multi-porous metal composite is applied. The lead-carbon composite is applied as a lead-carbon electrode sheet and is further welded as a lead-carbon electrode sheet of a lead-carbon battery. The lead-carbon battery carrying the lead-carbon electrode demonstrates Coulomb efficiency of 100% without heat loss on an unsaturated charge-discharge condition of high-efficiency charging and high-efficiency discharging.

A lead-acid battery is disclosed. The battery comprises a container with a cover having one or more compartments. One or more cell elements are provided in the one or more compartments. The cell elements comprise a positive electrode and a negative electrode. The positive electrode has a positive current collector and a positive electrochemically active material in contact therewith. The negative electrode has a negative current collector and a negative electrochemically active material in contact therewith. At least one of the positive electrode or the negative electrode comprises a cured carbon or carbonized fiber mat current collector impregnated with the respective electrochemically active material. The cured carbon or carbonized fiber mat current collector comprises a frame member composed of a lead-calcium alloy. Electrolyte is provided within the container. One or more terminal posts extend from the container or the cover and are electrically coupled to the cell elements.

A lead-acid battery is disclosed. The lead-acid storage battery has a container with a cover, the container including one or more compartments. One or more cell elements are provided in the one or more compartments. The one or more cell elements include a positive plate, the positive plate having a positive grid and a positive electrochemically active material on the positive grid; a negative plate, the negative plate having a negative grid and a negative electrochemically active material on the negative grid, wherein the negative electrochemically active material comprises barium sulfate and an organic expander; and a separator between the positive plate and the negative plate. Electrolyte is provided within the container. One or more terminal posts extend, from the cover and are electrically coupled to the one or more cell elements.

A negative electrode of a secondary battery may include an electrode plate including lead; and an active material layer provided on the electrode plate and including composite particles having a core-shell structure, wherein a core of the composite particle includes lead; a shell of the composite particle includes carbon; and a specific surface area of the composite particles is 1 to 5,000 m.sup.2/g.

The present invention discloses a method for lead carbon compression moulding comprising a first stacking step and a first compressing step so that a lead-carbon electrode is obtained through compressing a lead-carbon sandwich stacked of a lead material and a carbon material. Pressurization of the working environment or heating both the lead material and the carbon material is not required during the procedure. A massive production of lead-carbon electrode at room temperature can be anticipated. The lead-carbon electrode produced thereby enhance tolerance of the battery against instable electric current or voltage, and performance remains steady after multiple times of charge-discharge cycles. The lead-carbon electrode produced thereby demonstrates high potentials for application with low cost, low loss and high capacity.

Embodiments of the invention provide batteries, electrodes, and methods of making the same. According to one embodiment, a battery may include a positive plate having a grid pasted with a lead oxide material, a negative plate having a grid pasted with a lead based material, a separator separating the positive plate and the negative plate, and an electrolyte. A nonwoven glass mat may be in contact with a surface of either or both the positive plate or the negative plate to reinforce the plate. The nonwoven glass mat may include a plurality of first coarse fibers having fiber diameters between about 6 μm and 11 μm and a plurality of second coarse fibers having fiber diameters between about 10 μm and 20 μm.

A method for forming a connection such as an electrical connection, to a fibre material electrode element comprises moving a length of the fibre material relative to a pressure injection stage and pressure impregnating by a series of pressure injection pulses a lug material into a lug zone part of the fibre material to surround and/or penetrate fibres of the fibre material and form a lug strip in the lug zone. The fibre material may be a carbon fibre material and the lug material a metal such as Pb or a Pb alloy. Apparatus for forming an electrical connection to a fibre material electrode element is also disclosed.

A method for forming a connection such as an electrical connection, to a fibre material electrode element comprises moving a length of the fibre material relative to a pressure injection stage and pressure impregnating by a series of pressure injection pulses a lug material into a lug zone part of the fibre material to surround and/or penetrate fibres of the fibre material and form a lug strip in the lug zone. The fibre material may be a carbon fibre material and the lug material a metal such as Pb or a Pb alloy. Apparatus for forming an electrical connection to a fibre material electrode element is also disclosed.

A lead-acid battery includes a first electrode with a first grid, and a first mixture pasted onto the first grid. The first mixture includes a first plate material with acid resistant glass fibers that resist shedding of the first plate material during operation of the lead-acid battery.