A stack of rectangular, planar electrochemical cell units (200), each cell unit (200) comprising at least one first fluid mid-port (230, 235) that is disposed midway along its length within or between one or more active cell chemistry regions (210) and is in fluid communication with a first fluid volume of the cell unit (200). The first fluid mid-ports (230, 235) of the respective cell units (200) align to form at least one first fluid mid-passageway extending in the stack direction. The stack is configured such that, in each first fluid volume, first fluid flow paths (405, 410) extend across the one or more active cell chemistry regions (210) between the at least one first fluid mid-port (230, 235) and each respective opposed cell end.

A stack of rectangular, planar electrochemical cell units (200), each cell unit (200) comprising at least one first fluid mid-port (230, 235) that is disposed midway along its length within or between one or more active cell chemistry regions (210) and is in fluid communication with a first fluid volume of the cell unit (200). The first fluid mid-ports (230, 235) of the respective cell units (200) align to form at least one first fluid mid-passageway extending in the stack direction. The stack is configured such that, in each first fluid volume, first fluid flow paths (405, 410) extend across the one or more active cell chemistry regions (210) between the at least one first fluid mid-port (230, 235) and each respective opposed cell end.

An object of the present invention is to provide a fuel cell that maintains electric generation efficiency of the fuel cell and that has high reliability in which an electrolyte film is not easily damaged. The fuel cell according to the present invention includes a stress adjusting layer covering an opening above a support substrate, and the stress adjusting layer has tensile stress with respect to the support substrate and has a columnar crystal structure in which a grain boundary extends along a direction parallel to a film thickness direction (see FIG. 2).

An object of the invention is to increase the output power of a solid oxide fuel cell by making a lower electrode layer porous so as to form a three-phase interface and reducing a thickness of a solid electrolyte layer to 1 micrometer or less. A fuel cell according to the invention includes a first electrode layer at a position where an opening formed in a board is covered, and a solid electrolyte layer having a thickness of 1000 nm or less. At least a part of a region of the first electrode layer covering the opening is porous (see FIG. 5).

The present invention aims to reduce a failure in a fuel cell module and reduce manufacturing costs by specifying and taking countermeasures against cells in short-circuit failure from among fuel cells manufactured on a substrate by using a thin-film deposition process. In a fuel cell array according to the present invention, each fuel cell includes a solid electrolyte layer between a first electrode layer and a second electrode layer. A first wiring is connected to the second electrode layer, and a second wiring is connected to the first electrode layer through a connection element. The connection element is formed by sandwiching a conductive layer between two electrodes (refer to FIG. 8).

The present invention aims to reduce a failure in a fuel cell module and reduce manufacturing costs by specifying and taking countermeasures against cells in short-circuit failure from among fuel cells manufactured on a substrate by using a thin-film deposition process. In a fuel cell array according to the present invention, each fuel cell includes a solid electrolyte layer between a first electrode layer and a second electrode layer. A first wiring is connected to the second electrode layer, and a second wiring is connected to the first electrode layer through a connection element. The connection element is formed by sandwiching a conductive layer between two electrodes (refer to FIG. 8).

In various embodiments, techniques for fabricating solid oxide fuel cells utilize setter plates composed of or having outer surfaces composed of materials unreactive with species found in the layers of the cell.

In various embodiments, techniques for fabricating solid oxide fuel cells utilize setter plates composed of or having outer surfaces composed of materials unreactive with species found in the layers of the cell.

Aspects relate to patterned nanostructures having a feature size not including film thickness of below 5 microns. The patterned nanostructures are made up of nanoparticles having an average particle size of less than 100 nm. A nanoparticle composition, which, in some cases, includes a binder, is applied to a substrate. A patterned mold used in concert with electromagnetic radiation function to manipulate the nanoparticle composition in forming the patterned nanostructure. In some embodiments, the patterned mold nanoimprints a pattern onto the nanoparticle composition and the composition is cured through UV or thermal energy. Three-dimensional patterned nanostructures may be formed. A number of patterned nanostructure layers may be prepared and joined together. In some cases, a patterned nanostructure may be formed as a layer that is releasable from the substrate upon which it is initially formed. Such releasable layers may be arranged to form a three-dimensional patterned nanostructure for suitable applications.

Herein disclosed is a method of making an electrochemical reactor comprising a) depositing a composition on a substrate to form a slice; b) drying the slice using a non-contact dryer; c) sintering the slice using electromagnetic radiation (EMR), wherein the electrochemical reactor comprises an anode, a cathode, and an electrolyte between the anode and the cathode. In an embodiment, the electrochemical reactor comprises at least one unit, wherein the unit comprises the anode, the cathode, the electrolyte and an interconnect and wherein the unit has a thickness of no greater than 1 mm. In an embodiment, the anode is no greater than 50 microns in thickness, the cathode is no greater than 50 microns in thickness, and the electrolyte is no greater than 10 microns in thickness.