A radiation monitor 1 includes a light-emitting unit 10 which generates light having an intensity depending on an amount of an incident radiation, an optical fiber 20 which sends a photon generated by the light-emitting unit 10, a photoelectric converter 30 which transmits one electric pulse to one sent photon, a dose calculation device 40 which counts the electric pulse amplified by the photoelectric converter 30 and converts the counted value of the measured electric pulses into a dose of the radiation, and a display device 50. The dose calculation device 40 counts the electric signals converted from the photon by the photoelectric converter 30 to calculate a counting rate, and stops the counting when the counting rate exceeds a predetermined threshold, and performs counting when the counting rate is less than the threshold.

A radiation monitor 1 includes a light-emitting unit 10 which generates light having an intensity depending on an amount of an incident radiation, an optical fiber 20 which sends a photon generated by the light-emitting unit 10, a photoelectric converter 30 which transmits one electric pulse to one sent photon, a dose calculation device 40 which counts the electric pulse amplified by the photoelectric converter 30 and converts the counted value of the measured electric pulses into a dose of the radiation, and a display device 50. The dose calculation device 40 counts the electric signals converted from the photon by the photoelectric converter 30 to calculate a counting rate, and stops the counting when the counting rate exceeds a predetermined threshold, and performs counting when the counting rate is less than the threshold.

A radiation monitor 1 includes a light-emitting unit 10 which generates light having an intensity depending on an amount of an incident radiation, an optical fiber 20 which sends a photon generated by the light-emitting unit 10, a photoelectric converter 30 which transmits one electric pulse to one sent photon, a dose calculation device 40 which counts the electric pulse amplified by the photoelectric converter 30 and converts the counted value of the measured electric pulses into a dose of the radiation, and a display device 50. The dose calculation device 40 counts the electric signals converted from the photon by the photoelectric converter 30 to calculate a counting rate, and stops the counting when the counting rate exceeds a predetermined threshold, and performs counting when the counting rate is less than the threshold.

A radiation monitor 1 includes a light-emitting unit 10 which generates light having an intensity depending on an amount of an incident radiation, an optical fiber 20 which sends a photon generated by the light-emitting unit 10, a photoelectric converter 30 which transmits one electric pulse to one sent photon, a dose calculation device 40 which counts the electric pulse amplified by the photoelectric converter 30 and converts the counted value of the measured electric pulses into a dose of the radiation, and a display device 50. The dose calculation device 40 counts the electric signals converted from the photon by the photoelectric converter 30 to calculate a counting rate, and stops the counting when the counting rate exceeds a predetermined threshold, and performs counting when the counting rate is less than the threshold.

A tapering enhanced stimulated superradiant amplification method and system which utilizes a strongly tapered undulator in reaching significant power outputs and conversion efficiencies. TESSA dramatically increases conversion/amplification efficiencies by violently (sharply) decelerating electrons and taking advantage of produced radiation to further drive interaction toward as it takes advantage of produced radiation to further drive interaction to increase overall radiation output. The system and method configures a strongly tapered undulator to operate in a new mode that is above normal input saturation levels to provide an amplified output with unexpectedly high efficiencies and power.

A tapering enhanced stimulated superradiant amplification method and system which utilizes a strongly tapered undulator in reaching significant power outputs and conversion efficiencies. TESSA dramatically increases conversion/amplification efficiencies by violently (sharply) decelerating electrons and taking advantage of produced radiation to further drive interaction toward as it takes advantage of produced radiation to further drive interaction to increase overall radiation output. The system and method configures a strongly tapered undulator to operate in a new mode that is above normal input saturation levels to provide an amplified output with unexpectedly high efficiencies and power.

A method for producing electromagnetic radiation comprising: firing a first laser pulse and generating a plasma region, the first laser pulse penetrating at least partially into the plasma region to create a plasma density wake in the plasma region; providing a group of charged particles in the plasma region arranged so as to be accelerated in the plasma density wake of the first laser pulse; reflecting the first laser pulse after the first laser pulse has penetrated into the plasma region, to give a reflected laser pulse; and arranging the reflected laser pulse to interact with the group of charged particles to generate an electromagnetic radiation.

A method for producing electromagnetic radiation comprising: firing a first laser pulse and generating a plasma region, the first laser pulse penetrating at least partially into the plasma region to create a plasma density wake in the plasma region; providing a group of charged particles in the plasma region arranged so as to be accelerated in the plasma density wake of the first laser pulse; reflecting the first laser pulse after the first laser pulse has penetrated into the plasma region, to give a reflected laser pulse; and arranging the reflected laser pulse to interact with the group of charged particles to generate an electromagnetic radiation.

A tapering enhanced stimulated superradiant amplification method and system which utilizes a strongly tapered undulator in reaching significant power outputs and conversion efficiencies. TESSA dramatically increases conversion/amplification efficiencies by violently (sharply) decelerating electrons and taking advantage of produced radiation to further drive interaction toward as it takes advantage of produced radiation to further drive interaction to increase overall radiation output. The system and method configures a strongly tapered undulator to operate in a new mode that is above normal input saturation levels to provide an amplified output with unexpectedly high efficiencies and power.

A technique for producing a coherent beam of hard X-rays is provided. This technique is based on a short wavelength undulator that uses the fields of an electromagnetic wave to deflect a relativistic electron beam along a sinusoidal trajectory in order to cause it to emit X-rays. The undulator consists of a slow-wave structure that is energized by a second counterpropagating electron beam. Cylindrical and planar structure configurations are provided and also a mechanism for electrical and mechanical tuning to allow control over the wavelength of the emitted X-ray beam.