Disclosed is an interaction system between a controller and a VR application. The interaction system includes a controller including a first actuator configured to move a mass and a first processor configured to control an operation of the first actuator; and a content execution device configured to execute an application according to a control signal received from the controller and generate a feedback signal to transmit the generated feedback signal to a controller when a virtual object change event occurs during the application execution, wherein the first processor of the controller controls the first actuator when the feedback signal is received to move the mass and move a center of gravity. According to the present disclosure, since the center of gravity and the length of the controller operated by the user in reality may be changed in linkage with a change of the virtual object displayed on the display while executing the VR application, it is possible to greatly improve the immersion and feeling of use of the user.

A method of producing a compensation signal to compensate for misalignment of a drive unit clamp element can include applying a clamp element drive signal to a drive unit clamp element to engage a mover element. A first displacement of the mover element can be determined. A first compensation signal to be applied to one or more drive unit shear elements can be determined based at least in part on the first displacement. The first compensation signal can be applied to the one or more drive unit shear elements and the clamp element drive signal can be applied to the drive unit clamp element. A second displacement can be determined in response to the application of the first compensation signal and the clamp element drive signal. The second displacement can then be compared to a preselected threshold. For a second displacement less than the preselected threshold, combining the first compensation signal with an initial shear element drive signal to produce a modified shear element drive signal, and for a second displacement greater than the preselected threshold, determining a second compensation signal to be applied to the one or more drive unit shear elements.

A method of producing a compensation signal to compensate for misalignment of a drive unit clamp element can include applying a clamp element drive signal to a drive unit clamp element to engage a mover element, determining a first displacement of the mover element, and determining a first compensation signal based at least in part on the first displacement. The method can further comprise applying the first compensation signal to the drive unit shear elements and the clamp element drive signal to the drive unit clamp element and determining a second displacement of the mover element. If the second displacement is less than a preselected threshold, the first compensation signal can be combined with an initial shear element drive signal to produce a modified shear element drive signal. If the second displacement is greater than the preselected threshold, a second compensation signal can be determined.

A piezoelectric motorization system has a mechanically flexible body that has one or more surfaces for placing piezoelectric actuators. The system has groups of piezoelectric actuators each positioned on one of the surfaces of the mechanically flexible body that is connected to the electronic circuitry. The electronic circuitry controls the driving of the mechanical loads by the mechanically flexible body by injecting sets of control signals into different groups of actuators positioned on the mechanically flexible body. Each control signal operates groups of driving frequencies with an adjustable amplitude ratio and an adjustable phase difference among driving frequencies. And, under a set of boundary conditions exhibited by a set of structural dimensions of the mechanically flexible body, each control signal induces multi-mode resonance of the mechanically flexible body for driving the mechanical loads multi-dimensionally.

An electric stepper motor is disclosed. A group of permanent magnets are physically attached to a group of piezoelectric actuators which push them toward or pull them away from a second group of permanent magnets when the piezoelectric actuators are electrically activated, producing a very precisely controllable stepper motor. The second group of permanent magnets may also be pushed and pulled with a second group of piezoelectric actuators. Alternate configurations using electromagnets are also disclosed.

A novel configuration for the groups of electromagnets which maximizes efficiency in a piezoelectrically actuated motor is also disclosed.

A method of controlling a piezoelectric motor as a piezoelectric drive device having a vibrator including piezoelectric elements, a rotor as a driven unit that moves at a target speed by vibration of the vibrator, and drive signal generation units that generate drive signals and output the drive signals to the piezoelectric elements, includes intermittently outputting the drive signals to the piezoelectric elements by the drive signal generation units, wherein a time when output of the drive signals is stopped is shorter than a time from when output of the drive signal is stopped to stoppage of the vibration.

This lens driving device comprises a movable part, a driving part that has an ultrasonic motor and drives the movable part in the direction of an optical axis, and a shaft part that extends in the direction of the optical axis and supports the movable part. The driving part has a move section that is supported by the shaft part so as to be movable in the direction of the optical axis, and a support section that is connected to the move section and supports the movable part at a position closer to the optical axis side than the shaft part.

A novel piezo-driven cell injection system with force feedback overcomes the unsatisfied force interaction between the pipette needle and embryos in conventional position control. By integrating semiconductor strain-gage sensors for detecting the cell penetration force and the micropipette relative position in real time, the developed cell microinjection system features high operation speed, confident success rate, and high survival rate. The effectiveness of the developed cell injection system is experimentally verified by penetrating zebrafish embryos. The injection of 100 embryos are conducted with separate position control and force control. Results indicate that the force control enables a survival rate of 86%, which is higher than the survival rate of 82% produced by the position control in the same control environment. The experimental results quantitatively demonstrate the superiority of force control over conventional position control for the first time.

An actuator in the form of a stack is described, wherein the stack includes multiple first pairs of layers of a polarized electromechanical material and multiple second pairs of layers of a polarized electromechanical material, and the first and second pairs of layers are disposed, one behind the other, wherein at each pair of layers on each of its terminal surfaces electrically conductive layers are disposed, and, between the layers of each pair of layers, an electrically conductive layer for connection to at least one connection electrode of a second polarity is disposed, and the polarization directions of the electromechanical material of the layers of each pair are aligned opposite to one another, and the directions of polarization of the material of the layers of each pair of layers are aligned perpendicular to the directions of polarization of the material of the layers of each adjacent pair of layers.

A hybrid actuator is provided in which a piezoelectric element and an actuator are incorporated with each other. The hybrid actuator includes: a housing; a stator secured to the housing and having a coil; a vibrator having a permanent magnet configured to vibrate due to a mutual electromagnetic force with the stator; an elastic member configured to elastically support the vibrator relative to the housing; a piezoelectric element attached to one surface of the housing; and an F-PCB (flexible printed circuit board) applying an electric current to the piezoelectric element and the coil inside the housing. A part of the F-PCB extends outside the housing. Input terminals are formed on the part of the F-PCB which extends outside the housing. The input terminals are configured to receive a vibration signal and an audio signal so that the hybrid actuator can reproduce both the vibration signal and the audio signal.