A current blocking element is provided. The current blocking element includes a first electrode layer, an ion conductive layer, and a second electrode layer, which are laminated in this order, wherein the first electrode layer is configured to hold ions; the ion conductive layer has ionic conductivity and does not have electronic conductivity; and the second electrode layer is configured to hold ions. Ions held in the first electrode layer are moved to the second electrode layer when current is configured to flow between the first electrode layer and the second electrode layer. Current flow between the first electrode layer and the second electrode layer is blocked when ions held in one of the first and second electrode layers are depleted saturated.

A composition of matter consisting primarily of a stabilizing element and a transition metal oxide, wherein the transition metal oxide is an anti-ferromagnetic Mott insulator with strong spin orbit interactions, and the composition of matter has a canted crystal structure.

A composition of matter consisting primarily of a stabilizing element and a transition metal oxide, wherein the transition metal oxide is an anti-ferromagnetic Mott insulator with strong spin orbit interactions, and the composition of matter has a canted crystal structure.

A current blocking element assembly is provided and includes first and second current blocking elements, first current blocking element including: first-A electrode layer configured to hold ions; first ion conductive layer configured to conduct ions and does not have electronic conductivity; and second-A electrode layer configured to hold ions, first-A electrode layer, first ion conductive layer, and second-A electrode layer laminated in order, second current blocking element including: first-B electrode layer configured to hold ions; second ion conductive layer configured to conduct ions and does not have electronic conductivity; and second-B electrode layer configured to hold ions, first-B electrode layer, second ion conductive layer, and second-B electrode layer laminated in order, wherein the second-A electrode layer and the second-B electrode layer are electrically connected.

A composition of matter consisting primarily of a stabilizing element and a transition metal oxide, wherein the transition metal oxide is an anti-ferromagnetic Mott insulator with strong spin orbit interactions, and the composition of matter has a canted crystal structure.

A composition of matter consisting primarily of a stabilizing element and a transition metal oxide, wherein the transition metal oxide is an anti-ferromagnetic Mott insulator with strong spin orbit interactions, and the composition of matter has a canted crystal structure.

A current blocking element is provided. The current blocking element includes a first electrode layer, an ion conductive layer, and a second electrode layer, which are laminated in this order, wherein the first electrode layer is configured to hold ions; the ion conductive layer has ionic conductivity and does not have electronic conductivity; and the second electrode layer is configured to hold ions. Ions held in the first electrode layer are moved to the second electrode layer when current is configured to flow between the first electrode layer and the second electrode layer. Current flow between the first electrode layer and the second electrode layer is blocked when ions held in one of the first and second electrode layers are depleted saturated.