An apparatus for level estimation of an encoded audio signal is provided. The apparatus has a codebook determinator for determining a codebook from a plurality of codebooks as an identified codebook. The audio signal has been encoded by employing the identified codebook. Moreover, the apparatus has an estimation unit configured for deriving a level value associated with the identified codebook as a derived level value and for estimating a level estimate of the audio signal using the derived level value.

A system includes an addressable memory array, one or more processing cores, and an accelerator framework coupled to the addressable memory. The accelerator framework includes a Multiply ACcumulate (MAC) hardware accelerator cluster. The MAC hardware accelerator cluster has a binary-to-residual converter, which, in operation, converts binary inputs to a residual number system. Converting a binary input to the residual number system includes a reduction modulo 2.sup.m and a reduction modulo 2.sup.m−1, where m is a positive integer. A plurality of MAC hardware accelerators perform modulo 2.sup.m multiply-and-accumulate operations and modulo 2.sup.m−1 multiply-and-accumulate operations using the converted binary input. A residual-to-binary converter generates a binary output based on the output of the MAC hardware accelerators.

A system includes an addressable memory array, one or more processing cores, and an accelerator framework coupled to the addressable memory. The accelerator framework includes a Multiply ACcumulate (MAC) hardware accelerator cluster. The MAC hardware accelerator cluster has a binary-to-residual converter, which, in operation, converts binary inputs to a residual number system. Converting a binary input to the residual number system includes a reduction modulo 2.sup.m and a reduction modulo 2.sup.m−1, where m is a positive integer. A plurality of MAC hardware accelerators perform modulo 2.sup.m multiply-and-accumulate operations and modulo 2.sup.m−1 multiply-and-accumulate operations using the converted binary input. A residual-to-binary converter generates a binary output based on the output of the MAC hardware accelerators.

Compressed domain processors configured to perform operations on data compressed in a format that preserves order. The Compressed domain processors may include operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, sorting, and searching. In some cases, compression engines for compressing the data into the desired formats are provided.

Compressed domain processors configured to perform operations on data compressed in a format that preserves order. The Compressed domain processors may include operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, sorting, and searching. In some cases, compression engines for compressing the data into the desired formats are provided.

A first value of a first data element in a first set of data elements is obtained, the first set of data elements being based on a first time sample of a signal. A second value of a second data element in a second set of data elements is obtained, the second set of data elements being based on a second, later time sample of the signal. A measure of similarity is derived between the first value and the second value. Based on the derived measure, a quantisation parameter useable in performing quantisation on data based on the first time sample of the signal is determined. Output data is generated using the quantisation parameter.

A first value of a first data element in a first set of data elements is obtained, the first set of data elements being based on a first time sample of a signal. A second value of a second data element in a second set of data elements is obtained, the second set of data elements being based on a second, later time sample of the signal. A measure of similarity is derived between the first value and the second value. Based on the derived measure, a quantisation parameter useable in performing quantisation on data based on the first time sample of the signal is determined. Output data is generated using the quantisation parameter.

A computer program product, an apparatus, a functionally safe programmable controller and a method for processing data, wherein an uncoded real number x is converted into a logarithmic number system (LNS) coded integer x.sub.LNS via a predetermined conversion rule for a logarithmic number system (LNS) in accordance with the relationship: x.sub.LNS=sgn(x).Math.2.sup.m+Id|x|.Math.2.sup.n, where sgn(x) denotes a sign function of the uncoded real number x, Id|x| denotes a binary logarithm of the uncoded real number x, m denotes a first exponent and n denotes a second exponent, and the LNS-coded integer x.sub.LNS is coded into an arithmetically coded integer x.sub.c via arithmetic coding such that the required integer operations is reduced.

Compressed domain processors configured to perform operations on data compressed in a format that preserves order. The Compressed domain processors may include operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, sorting, and searching. In some cases, compression engines for compressing the data into the desired formats are provided.

Compressed domain processors configured to perform operations on data compressed in a format that preserves order. The Compressed domain processors may include operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, sorting, and searching. In some cases, compression engines for compressing the data into the desired formats are provided.