A control device (15a) includes a control unit configured to: acquire a switching request based on a latency measured in a first application function (AF) (30) disposed in a first network slice (5) or in a terminal device (40) communicating with the first AF (30); and switch, based on the acquired switching request, a core network to be connected to the terminal device (40) from a first core network (10a) disposed in the first network slice (5) to a second core network (10b) disposed in a second network slice (6) by using the first AF (30), or using the first AF (30) and the terminal device (40), as an anchor.

According to one embodiment, a communication device includes: acquisition circuitry including a plurality of data acquirers configured to acquire data for transmission; processing circuitry configured to determine consecutive first sequence numbers for a plurality of pieces of the data acquired by the plurality of data acquirers, and to generate a plurality of packets that include the data acquired by the plurality of data acquirers and the first sequence numbers determined for the plurality of pieces of the data; and transmitting circuitry configured to transmit the plurality of packets wherein the packet includes an identifier that identifies the data acquirer having acquired the data in the packet or an identifier that identifies an application corresponding to the data in the packet.

A user equipment paging method and a mobility management entity (MME) in order to improve user equipment paging efficiency, where the method includes determining, by the MME before paging user equipment in an idle state, a base station last accessed by the user equipment, determining, by the MME, that the base station last accessed by the user equipment is in a non-overload state, and sending, by the MME, a paging message including an identifier of the user equipment to the base station last accessed by the user equipment.

A system for transmitting signals includes Orbital Angular Momentum (OAM) processing circuitry for receiving a plurality of input signals and applying a different orbital angular momentum to each of the plurality of input signals for transmission to a second location. Electromagnetic knot processing circuitry receives a plurality of OAM processed signals from the OAM processing circuitry and applies an electromagnetic knot to each of the received OAM processed signal before transmission to the second location. Multiplexing circuitry multiplexes the plurality of OAM/electromagnetic knot processed signals into a single multiplexed OAM/electromagnetic knot processed signal. A first signal degradation caused by environmental factors of the OAM/electromagnetic knot processed signal is improved over a second signal degradation caused by the environmental factors of a signal not including the electromagnetic knot. A transmitter transmits the single multiplexed OAM/electromagnetic knot processed signal to the second location.

A control device (15a) includes a control unit configured to: acquire a switching request based on a latency measured in a first application function (AF) (30) disposed in a first network slice (5) or in a terminal device (40) communicating with the first AF (30); and switch, based on the acquired switching request, a core network to be connected to the terminal device (40) from a first core network (10a) disposed in the first network slice (5) to a second core network (10b) disposed in a second network slice (6) by using the first AF (30), or using the first AF (30) and the terminal device (40), as an anchor.

A system for transmitting signals includes Orbital Angular Momentum (OAM) processing circuitry for receiving a plurality of input signals and applying a different orbital angular momentum to each of the plurality of input signals for transmission to a second location. Electromagnetic knot processing circuitry receives a plurality of OAM processed signals from the OAM processing circuitry and applies an electromagnetic knot to each of the received OAM processed signal before transmission to the second location. Multiplexing circuitry multiplexes the plurality of OAM/electromagnetic knot processed signals into a single multiplexed OAM/electromagnetic knot processed signal. A first signal degradation caused by environmental factors of the OAM/electromagnetic knot processed signal is improved over a second signal degradation caused by the environmental factors of a signal not including the electromagnetic knot. A transmitter transmits the single multiplexed OAM/electromagnetic knot processed signal to the second location.

A system for transmitting signals includes processing circuitry for receiving at least one input signal for transmission from the processing circuitry to a second location. Electromagnetic knot processing circuitry receives processed signals from the first processing circuitry and applies an electromagnetic knot to the received processed signal before transmission to the second location. A first signal degradation caused by environmental factors of the electromagnetic knot processed signal is improved over a second signal degradation caused by the environmental factors of a non-electromagnetic knot processed signal.

A user equipment paging method and a mobility management entity (MME) in order to improve user equipment paging efficiency, where the method includes determining, by the MME before paging user equipment in an idle state, a base station last accessed by the user equipment, determining, by the MME, that the base station last accessed by the user equipment is in a non-overload state, and sending, by the MME, a paging message including an identifier of the user equipment to the base station last accessed by the user equipment.

According to one embodiment, a communication device includes: acquisition circuitry including a plurality of data acquirers configured to acquire data for transmission; processing circuitry configured to determine consecutive first sequence numbers for a plurality of pieces of the data acquired by the plurality of data acquirers, and to generate a plurality of packets that include the data acquired by the plurality of data acquirers and the first sequence numbers determined for the plurality of pieces of the data; and transmitting circuitry configured to transmit the plurality of packets wherein the packet includes an identifier that identifies the data acquirer having acquired the data in the packet or an identifier that identifies an application corresponding to the data in the packet.