Deterministic real-time multi-protocol heterogeneous packet-based transport is achieved by traffic shaping. When receiving a plurality of packets from a root complex where contents of each packet from the plurality of packets organized in accordance with a first protocol, a sequence number is added to each packet and a packet type is identified. Every packet in the first plurality of packets is encapsulated into at least one packet organized in accordance with a second protocol to form a second plurality of packets organized in accordance with the second protocol. All the packets from the second plurality of packets pass traffic scheduling or traffic shaping prior being sent via a plurality of connections to avoid burstiness and to achieve bounded transport latency in the plurality of connections, thereby providing deterministic real-time behavior in distributed systems.

Various aspects of the present disclosure generally relate to wireless communication. In some aspects, a device may receive, at a modem of the device, a plurality of data packets associated with one or more connections. The device may group, at the modem of the device, data packets, of the plurality of data packets, associated with a connection, of the one or more connections, into a container based at least in part on one or more characteristics associated with the modem or the data packets. The device may transmit, from the modem to a processor of the device, the container of grouped data packets. Numerous other aspects are provided.

A packet processing method and a background server are provided. The packet processing method includes: receiving, by a bearer system of a background server, an IPIP packet sent by an access server via an IP tunnel; and removing a reverse proxy IP address and a windows server IP address that are in an outer layer of the IPIP packet, and changing a destination IP address in the IPIP packet, of which the reverse proxy IP address and the windows server IP address are removed, into the windows server IP address, to obtain an IP packet.

A computer system can compress or decompress a type-length-value (TLV) component in a message. During operation, the computer can select a compression table associated with a network interface used to send and/or to receive the message, and can search the compression table for an entry that includes a prefix of a value from type-length-value (TLV) component being compressed or decompressed. If compressing the message, the computer may generate a compressed block that corresponds to a compressed version of the TLV component, such that the compressed block includes the compression encoding in place of the prefix in the TLV component's value. The computer can also generate a compressed message that includes the compressed block in place of the TLV component, without a compression table.

Deterministic real-time multi-protocol heterogeneous packet-based transport is achieved by traffic shaping. When receiving a plurality of packets from a root complex where contents of each packet from the plurality of packets organized in accordance with a first protocol, a sequence number is added to each packet and a packet type is identified. Every packet in the first plurality of packets is encapsulated into at least one packet organized in accordance with a second protocol to form a second plurality of packets organized in accordance with the second protocol. All the packets from the second plurality of packets pass traffic scheduling or traffic shaping prior being sent via a plurality of connections to avoid burstiness and to achieve bounded transport latency in the plurality of connections, thereby providing deterministic real-time behavior in distributed systems.

Methods and apparatus are disclosed for data packetizing in an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system. In order to improve transmission efficiency, the present invention uses independent packet and OFDDM block boundaries. Therefore, a packet is allowed to go across the OFDM block boundary and packed into two OFDM blocks. To indicate the start of each packet, a Frame Delimiter (FD) with a predefined format is inserted in front of each packet. The predefined format of the FD can be a predefined bit pattern or modulation points of modulation constellation. Idle data can also be inserted into OFDM blocks when no packet is ready. When data of one or more packets and idle data contain the predefined bit pattern of the FD, the data are modified to avoid generating the pre-defined bit pattern.

A method of managing transport of packets transmitted over a time division multiplexed, TDM, link in a network. The method performed at a second network node comprises: receiving (102) blocks of data from a first network node. Data from one packet is received in a plurality of blocks and a first block from a packet has a time-stamp indicating arrival time of the packet at the first network node. The blocks are multiplexed for transmission over the TDM link. The method also comprises: queuing (106) the received blocks and if a block from the top of the queue (108, 110) has a time-stamp (110—yes) and a maximum allowed latency has been exceeded (112) the method discards (116) blocks containing data from the same packet as the block with said time-stamp if there is at least one block containing data from another packet in the queue (114—yes). An apparatus is also disclosed.

Deadlocks in a multi-protocol heterogeneous packet-based transport system are avoided while maintaining real-time aspects. When receiving a plurality of packets from a root complex where contents of each packet from the plurality of packets organized in accordance with a first protocol, a sequence number is added to each packet and a packet type is identified. Every packet in the first plurality of packets is encapsulated into at least one packet organized in accordance with a second protocol to form a second plurality of packets organized in accordance with the second protocol. All the packets from the second plurality of packets are sent via a plurality of connections so that each connection from the plurality of connections only transports packets from the second plurality of packets that encapsulate packets from the first plurality that have a same packet type.

A method supporting distributed resilient network interconnect (DRNI) in a link aggregation group at a network device is disclosed. The method starts with encapsulating a distributed relay control protocol data unit (DRCPDU) in a frame, wherein the DRCPDU includes a protocol data unit (PDU) structure. The PDU structure includes a type field indicating that the DRCPDU is for DRCP, a version field indicating a version number of the DRCP, and a set of type/length/values (TLVs) including: a terminator TLV indicating an end of the PDU structure, a portal information TLV indicating characteristics of the first portal, a portal configuration information TLV indicating configuration information of the first portal, a DRCP state TLV indicating variables associated with an intra-portal link (IPP), a home ports information TLV and a neighbor ports information TLV. The method continues with transmitting the frame encapsulating the DRCPDU from the network device to a neighbor network device.

A method supporting distributed resilient network interconnect (DRNI) in a link aggregation group at a network device is disclosed. The method starts with encapsulating a distributed relay control protocol data unit (DRCPDU) in a frame, wherein the DRCPDU includes a protocol data unit (PDU) structure. The PDU structure includes a type field indicating that the DRCPDU is for DRCP, a version field indicating a version number of the DRCP, and a set of type/length/values (TLVs) including: a terminator TLV indicating an end of the PDU structure, a portal information TLV indicating characteristics of the first portal, a portal configuration information TLV indicating configuration information of the first portal, a DRCP state TLV indicating variables associated with an intra-portal link (IPP), a home ports information TLV and a neighbor ports information TLV. The method continues with transmitting the frame encapsulating the DRCPDU from the network device to a neighbor network device.