A battery management system comprises a first battery cell controller; a second battery cell controller, the first battery cell controller and the second battery cell controller each monitoring a plurality of battery cells; and a galvanically isolated transmission line providing a point-to-point signal transmission path between the first battery cell controller and the second battery cell controller. At least one of the first battery cell controller or the second battery cell controller includes at least one encoding/decoding circuit for encoding data for transmission as a serial data stream along the signal transmission path in compliance with a multi-level encoding technique, including modulating the serial data stream over at least three discrete signal levels at a predetermined and fixed data pulse frequency, encoding a plurality of data nibbles of the serial data stream into a data packet, the data packet including a plurality of symbols constructed and arranged with at least four consecutive chips per symbol, wherein the at least four consecutive chips per symbol of the data packet includes a DC balanced line code in each of the symbols.

A transmitter comprising a phase computation circuit configured to receive a complex baseband signal comprising an in-phase signal and a quadrature signal forming an I-Q data pair, and determine a first rotation angle and a second rotation angle based on the I-Q data pair. The transmitter further comprises a modulation circuit coupled to the phase computation circuit configured to determine a three-level modulated waveform having a lower negative level, a zero level and a higher positive level, based on the first rotation angle and the second rotation angle; and generate the three-level modulated waveform based on the determination.

An encoding modulation method and transmitter are described. The method includes: oversampling and noise-shaping received multi-bit data to obtain N bits of data; using the N bits of data as a lookup table address to obtain a PWM puke modulation signal; multiplexing synthetic orthogonal (IQ) complex data of the PWM pulse modulation signal to be real number signal data; and converting the multiplexed real number signal data to an analog signal for power amplification and output, N being an integer representing a smaller number of bits than the received multi-bit data.

A data communication method in which input digital data is received and encoded into an encoded waveform having zero crossings representative of the input digital data. The encoding includes generating the encoded waveform based upon a continuous piecewise function having sinusoidal components. The continuous piecewise function may be used in generating a plurality of symbol waveforms, each of which occupies a period of the encoded waveform and represents bits of the input digital data. The plurality of symbol waveforms are defined so that a value of a phase offset used in the continuous piecewise function is different for each of the plurality of symbol waveforms, thereby resulting in each symbol waveform having a different zero crossing. An encoded analog waveform is generated from a representation of the encoded waveform and transmitted to a receiver.

Techniques are provided herein to increase a rate of data transfer across a large number of channels in a memory device using multi-level signaling. Such multi-level signaling may be configured to increase a data transfer rate without increasing the frequency of data transfer and/or a transmit power of the communicated data. An example of multi-level signaling scheme may be pulse amplitude modulation (PAM). Each unique symbol of the multi-level signal may be configured to represent a plurality of bits of data.

A test and measurement instrument including a digital down converter configured to receive a bus signal and output in-phase and quadrature-phase baseband component waveform data, a trace generator configured to receive the in-phase and quadrature-phase baseband component waveform data and generate at least one radio frequency versus time trace, a decoder configured to receive the at least one radio frequency versus time trace and decode the bus signal based on the at least one radio frequency versus time trace and a wireless modulation scheme, and a trigger configured to capture at least a portion of the bus signal based on the decoded bus signal.

Techniques are provided herein to increase a rate of data transfer across a large number of channels in a memory device using multi-level signaling. Such multi-level signaling may be configured to increase a data transfer rate without increasing the frequency of data transfer and/or a transmit power of the communicated data. An example of multi-level signaling scheme may be pulse amplitude modulation (PAM). Each unique symbol of the multi-level signal may be configured to represent a plurality of bits of data.

A method of recovering information encoded by a modulated sinusoidal waveform having first, second, third and fourth data notches at respective phase angles, where a power of the modulated sinusoidal waveform is reduced relative to a power of an unmodulated sinusoidal waveform within selected ones of the first, second, third and fourth data notches so as to encode input digital data. The method includes receiving the modulated sinusoidal waveform and generating digital values representing the modulated sinusoidal waveform. A digital representation of the unmodulated sinusoidal waveform is subtracted from the digital values in order to generate a received digital data sequence, which includes digital data notch values representative of the amplitude of the modulated sinusoidal waveform within the first, second, third and fourth data notches. The input digital data is then estimated based upon the digital data notch values.

According to an embodiment of the disclosure, a base station communicating by using a plurality of antennas includes: a memory; a transceiver including the plurality of antennas forming an array structure; and at least one processor configured to convert first in-phase quadrature (IQ) data included in a first digital signal into radio frequency (RF) signals and then apply the RF signals to the plurality of antennas, respectively, detect a back-lobe signal beam-formed by the plurality of antennas, and perform linearization on second IQ data included in a second digital signal, based on the detected back-lobe signal.

Methods and apparatuses are provided for generating a quadrature modulated signal for transmission in an electronic device. Samples are obtained from a quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) signal at a predefined sampling rate to generate a signal spectrum. The samples are interpolated to move the signal spectrum on a frequency axis. Modulation is performed on the interpolated samples based on a digital carrier frequency to move the signal spectrum on the frequency axis. Digital to analog conversion and analog filtering are performed on the modulated samples in a real part of the signal spectrum to generate a quadrature modulated signal for transmission.