The present disclosure provides a method for transmitting a demodulation reference signal. Specifically, the method performed by the terminal comprising: receiving, from a base station, a radio resource control (RRC) signaling including control information representing that transform precoding for an uplink is enabled; generating a low peak to average power ratio (PAPR) sequence based on a length-6 sequence; generating a sequence used for the demodulation reference signal based on the low PAPR sequence; and transmitting, to the base station, the demodulation reference signal based on the sequence used for the demodulation reference signal, wherein the length-6 sequence has an 8-Phase Shift Keying (PSK) symbol as each element of the sequence.

According to one embodiment, a method for transmitting an uplink signal includes transmitting the uplink signal including a block of data symbols. The block of data symbols are mapped to at least two sets of subcarrier blocks. Each data symbol of the block of data symbols is mapped to one of subcarriers of the at least two sets of subcarrier blocks. The at least two sets of subcarrier blocks are not contiguous in frequency. The block of data symbols are mapped in sequence starting with a first data symbol to the at least two sets of subcarrier blocks and in increasing order of subcarrier index.

Methods, systems, and devices for wireless communications are described. A device (e.g., a base station or a user equipment (UE)) may identify a sequence length corresponding to a number of resource blocks, and select a modulation scheme based on the sequence length. The device may select, from a set of sequences associated with the modulation scheme, a sequence having the sequence length. In some examples, the set of sequences may include at least one of a set of time domain phase shift keying computer-generated sequences or a set of frequency domain phase shift keying computer-generated sequences. The device may generate a reference signal for a data transmission based on the sequence and transmit the reference signal within the number of resource blocks.

A data compressor a zero-value remover, a zero bit mask generator, a non-zero values packer, and a row-pointer generator. The zero-value remover receives 2.sup.N bit streams of values and outputs 2.sup.N non-zero-value bit streams having zero values removed from each respective bit stream. The zero bit mask generator receives the 2.sup.N bit streams of values and generates a zero bit mask for a predetermined number of values of each bit stream in which each zero bit mask indicates a location of a zero value in the predetermined number of values corresponding to the zero bit mask. The non-zero values packer receives the 2.sup.N non-zero-value bit streams and forms a group of packed non-zero values. The row-pointer generator that generates a row-pointer for each group of packed non-zero values.

Certain aspects of the present disclosure provide techniques for channel estimation for two-stage sidelink control using sidelink data channel demodulation reference signals (DMRS). A user equipment (UE) can transmit DMRS for the sidelink data channel. The UE may transmit the second stage of the sidelink control using antenna ports or a precoder used for the sidelink data channel. The receiving device may receive the DMRS, estimate the channel, and demodulate the second stage of the sidelink control based on the estimated channel. The receiving device may flexibly determine the DMRS to use for the estimation and demodulation.

A terminal is disclosed including a transmitter that transmits uplink control information and uplink data using an uplink shared channel; and a processor that, if frequency hopping is applied to the uplink shared channel, determines a mapping position for the uplink control information for each hop of the frequency hopping. In other aspects, a radio communication method for a terminal is also disclosed.

A base station includes: a controller that performs control to transmit a plurality of signals that is common to each terminal to a terminal located in a coverage area of its own base station by transmitting the plurality of signals at the same timing while frequency multiplexing the plurality of signals on a frequency domain in an area where the signals can be transmitted simultaneously using a beam within the coverage area, and transmitting the plurality of signals a plurality of times while changing the area; and an antenna that transmits the plurality of signals area by area while changing a direction of the beam under the control of the controller.

The present disclosure provides a channel state information report transmission method and a terminal. The channel state information report transmission method includes: obtaining an allocation rule of a channel state information (CSI) report transmitted on a physical uplink control channel (PUCCH), where the allocation rule is configured by a network device or predefined in a protocol; when there is a collision between at least two CSI reports, allocating some or all of CSI reports with collisions to a first CSI PUCCH according to the allocation rule; transmitting the some or all of CSI reports with collisions. The first CSI PUCCH is configured to transmit the some or all of CSI reports with collisions.

A signal transmission circuit element, a multiplexer circuit element and a demultiplexer circuit element are disclosed. The signal transmission circuit element is connected among multiple electronic modules so as to transmit an electrical signal. The signal transmission circuit element includes an input terminal, an input equalizer, an output driver and an output terminal. The input terminal is for inputting an electrical signal to the input equalizer. The output driver is electrically connected to the input equalizer. The output terminal is electrically connected to the output driver so as to output the electrical signal. Accordingly, after the input terminal receives the electrical signal, the input equalizer can perform gain compensation on the electrical signal, and then an output capacitance of the electrical signal is driven by the output driver and outputted through the output terminal.

Systems, methods, and apparatus are provided for automated identification of open space in a wireless communications spectrum, by identifying sources of signal emission in the spectrum by automatically detecting signals, analyzing signals, comparing signal data to historical and reference data, creating corresponding signal profiles, and determining information about the open space based upon the measured and analyzed data in near real-time.