A user equipment (UE) determines that a protocol data unit (PDU) session comprises an adaptable PDU session. The UE determines whether a current energy mode of the UE comprises an energy-saving mode. In response to determining that the current energy mode of the UE comprises the energy-saving mode, the UE establishes the adaptable PDU session in a non-always-on mode; and in response to determining that the current energy mode of the UE does not comprise the energy-saving mode, the UE establishes the adaptable PDU session in an always-on mode. Further, the UE can initially establish a mode of a plurality of adaptable PDU sessions as the non-always-on mode, when connecting to a certain type of network.

Various aspects of the present disclosure generally relate to wireless communication. In some aspects, a wireless node may establish a first connection between a child wireless node and a first base station and a second connection between the child wireless node and a second base station, wherein the first connection is an F1-U direct path and the second connection is an F1-U alternative path. The wireless node may forward at least a portion of user-plane traffic between the child wireless node and the first base station via the second connection and the second base station. Numerous other aspects are described.

This document describes improvements in management of data traffic of user equipment between cellular and non-cellular accesses in fifth generation new radio, 5G NR, wireless networks. An energy-aware traffic manager is introduced to manage data traffic communicated by the user equipment over the cellular access and the non-cellular access, such as a wireless local area network, WLAN. The energy-aware traffic manager enables reporting of energy-related information by user equipment, energy-aware traffic management modes for the user equipment, and access management in response to critical events related to user equipment energy, as well as reporting of changes in the user equipment access management or access management modality to core network entities. By so doing, the energy-aware traffic manager enables data traffic management based on aspects of user equipment energy, which may reduce user equipment energy consumption associated with communicating data over multiple accesses and extend battery life of the user equipment.

Various embodiments herein provide techniques for small data transmission of a user equipment (UE) in a radio resource control (RRC) inactive state. The techniques may be used with a next generation Node B (gNB) that employs a distributed unit (DU)/centralized unit (CU) split. The DU receives, from the UE in the RRC inactive state, data and processing information for processing for the data, processes the data based on a radio link control (RLC) bearer, and sends the processed data to the CU.

Techniques for managing access combinations for multiple access protocol data unit (PDU) sessions are described. A communication device may receive control signaling indicating a configuration for a multiple access PDU session associated with a plurality of access links. The plurality of access links may be associated with a first type of access, a second type of access, or a combination thereof. The communication device may select a mode for allocation of a data flow associated with the multiple access PDU session to the plurality of access links based at least in part on the received control signaling. The communication device may allocate the data flow associated with the multiple access PDU session to the plurality of access links based at least in part on the selected mode, and transmit the allocated data flow over the plurality of access links associated with the two types of access.

A solar-powered device (SPD) node operates as an access point for leaf nodes. The SPD node load balances network traffic received from leaf nodes across different backhaul networks. The SPD node determines a specific backhaul network across which to route the network traffic based on several different factors associated with the SPD node. Those factors include a current battery level, a current solar generation rate, and a current communication link status. The SPD access point also determines the specific backhaul network across which to route the network traffic based on characteristics of the different backhaul networks, including a network latency, among other characteristics.

Various aspects of the present disclosure generally relate to wireless communication. In some aspects, a wireless node may establish a first connection between a child wireless node and a first base station and a second connection between the child wireless node and a second base station, wherein the first connection is an F1-U direct path and the second connection is an F1-U alternative path. The wireless node may forward at least a portion of user-plane traffic between the child wireless node and the first base station via the second connection and the second base station. Numerous other aspects are described.

A method performed by a network node that is configured to communicate with a WD is provided. The method comprises determining (202) a data radio bearer (DRB) status of the WD; determining (204) one or more bandwidth parts (BWPs) and/or one or more search space (SS) configurations of one or more BWPs for the WD based on the DRB status; when the DRB status is inactive, enabling (206) a power saving mode for the WD by configuring the WD with an SS configuration from the determined one or more SS configurations of the one or more BWPs for the WD based at least on the DRB status; and when the DRB status is active, disabling (208) the power saving mode or not enabling the power saving mode.

A solar-powered device (SPD) node operates as an access point for leaf nodes. The SPD node load balances network traffic received from leaf nodes across different backhaul networks. The SPD node determines a specific backhaul network across which to route the network traffic based on several different factors associated with the SPD node. Those factors include a current battery level, a current solar generation rate, and a current communication link status. The SPD access point also determines the specific backhaul network across which to route the network traffic based on characteristics of the different backhaul networks, including a network latency, among other characteristics.

A method for factoring in energy intensity regarding the transmission of data as part of a quality-of-service-controlled data connection involving a user equipment and a node of a network. The network includes a core network and an access network including a plurality of base station entities. The user equipment is connected to a base station entity, and the connection includes a data stream. A quality-of-service indication is associated with each data stream. In order to take into account the energy intensity of data transmissions, the method comprises a first step where a quality-of-service indication is associated with the data stream, where the quality-of-service indication comprises an energy intensity-related indication, related to the transmission of the data of the data stream, and a second step where the transmission of the data of the data stream is performed based on the quality-of-service indication, including the energy intensity-related indication.