A liquid electrode tip has a housing with a top, a bottom and at least one peripheral side wall. The housing has a liquid inlet and a liquid outlet. The liquid outlet is located at the top of the housing. A solution reservoir is positioned within the housing. The solution reservoir has a solution inlet in fluid communication with the liquid inlet and a solution outlet in fluid communication with the liquid outlet. A conductor is positioned within the housing with at least a portion of the conductor being submerged by a liquid in the solution reservoir. A staging area at the top of the housing is provided into which the liquid from the solution reservoir flows from the liquid outlet.

A voltage application device includes a voltage application circuit. The voltage application circuit applies application voltage between discharge electrode and counter electrode which face each other with a clearance left from each other to generate a discharge. The voltage application device forms discharge path partially and dielectrically broken between discharge electrode and counter electrode when a discharge is generated. Discharge path includes first dielectric breakdown region formed around discharge electrode, and second dielectric breakdown region formed around counter electrode.

The invention relates to a water treatment apparatus based on plasma (ionized gas) discharge. In particular, the invention relates to the field of industrial and agricultural wastewater treatment. More particularly, the invention relates to disinfection of drinking water, and water in pools, spas and similar recreational water environments. The invention comprises a plasma reactor produces plasma discharge at low atmospheric pressure between liquid electrodes eliminating contamination of treated water by harmful nitrogen compounds and toxic substances due to electrode erosion.

A liquid electrode tip has a housing with a top, a bottom and at least one peripheral side wall. The housing has a liquid inlet and a liquid outlet. The liquid outlet is located at the top of the housing. A solution reservoir is positioned within the housing. The solution reservoir has a solution inlet in fluid communication with the liquid inlet and a solution outlet in fluid communication with the liquid outlet. A conductor is positioned within the housing with at least a portion of the conductor being submerged by a liquid in the solution reservoir. A staging area at the top of the housing is provided into which the liquid from the solution reservoir flows from the liquid outlet.

The present invention relates to a device for generating cold plasma to be used in the process chemical industry, in particular for producing chemical substances, above all acids such as for example nitric acid and sulphuric acid. The invention also relates to reactors and plants involving said cold plasma generator device and to corresponding chemical processes based thereupon. The device and the associated method of the present invention allow producing with high efficiency several chemical substances, in particular acids. The invention also keeps the several advantages of using the cold plasma technology, in particular the one of not requiring catalysts and/or high reaction temperatures.

To remove a contaminant from a liquid, a pulsed electrical arc discharge is effected between two electrodes immersed in the liquid, thereby creating a plurality of particles within the liquid. One or both of the electrodes is metallic, for example iron or titanium. Before the pulsed electrical arc discharge is terminated, another step that promotes destruction of the contaminant by particles, such as removing the particles from the liquid or adding an oxidizer to the liquid, is performed. In the case of the extra step being adding an oxidizer to the liquid, preferably the termination of the pulsed electrical arc discharge is followed by allowing the liquid and the particles therein to age.

A free radical generator includes a discharge electrode assembly with discharge electrode pins in a radial pattern and electrically configured to receive one or more voltage pulses. A liquid or solid counter electrode has a surface separated from the pins by a discharge gap. A motive element rotates the electrode assembly such that the array of pins rotates about an axis and the pins move relative to the counter electrode. A liquid treatment system may include a free radical generator and introduce free radicals into the liquid. A gas treatment system may include the free radical generator, a gas flow generating element to. a column for the flow of gas. and a liquid introduction element operable to introduce a liquid from a liquid bath into the interior space of the column such that the flow of gas is exposed to the liquid. Methods and further systems are also provided.

A conductive liquid-fed pulsed plasma thruster includes a first electrode having a conductive solid portion and a conductive liquid portion, a second electrode separated from the first electrode to define an ignition space therebetween, at least one electric insulator separating the first and second electrodes, and a conductive-liquid passage extending within the conductive solid portion through which the conductive liquid portion flows from an inlet to an outlet located at the ignition space. The first and second electrodes are configured so that a drop of the conductive liquid portion forms and grows at the outlet when the conductive liquid portion flows through the conductive liquid passage until the drop of the conductive liquid causes an arc discharge between the drop and the second electrode that ignites the drop to produce a plasma cloud that generates thrust when exhausted.

A conductive liquid-fed pulsed plasma thruster includes a first electrode having a conductive solid portion and a conductive liquid portion, a second electrode separated from the first electrode to define an ignition space therebetween, at least one electric insulator separating the first and second electrodes, and a conductive-liquid passage extending within the conductive solid portion through which the conductive liquid portion flows from an inlet to an outlet located at the ignition space. The first and second electrodes are configured so that a drop of the conductive liquid portion forms and grows at the outlet when the conductive liquid portion flows through the conductive liquid passage until the drop of the conductive liquid causes an arc discharge between the drop and the second electrode that ignites the drop to produce a plasma cloud that generates thrust when exhausted.