A reusable joint for a medical linac, a reusable CF choke flange for a medical linac, a linac and a method for forming a reusable joint for a medical linac are disclosed. The reusable joint comprises a CF choke flange, a CF cover flange and a gasket. The CF choke flange comprises a first waveguide aperture, a choke groove and a first CF groove comprising a first knife-edge, wherein the choke groove is disposed radially inwards from the first CF groove on the CF choke flange. The CF cover flange comprises a second waveguide aperture aligned with the first waveguide aperture and a second CF groove comprising a second knife-edge and aligned with the first CF groove. The gasket is disposed between and in contact with the first CF groove and the second CF groove.

Disclosed herein is a method of determining the nature of a fault in a radiotherapy device comprising a linear accelerator. The radiotherapy device is configured to provide therapeutic radiation to a patient. The radiotherapy device comprises a vacuum tube comprising an electron gun, a waveguide configured to accelerate electrons emitted by the electron gun toward a target to produce said radiation, and a flight tube. The electron gun is located at a first end of the vacuum tube and the flight tube is located at a second end of the vacuum tube. The radiotherapy device further comprises a first and a second sensor. The first sensor is configured to provide signals indicative of pressure at a first region inside the vacuum tube and the second sensor is configured to provide signals indicative of pressure at a second region inside the vacuum tube. The first region is closer to the first end of the vacuum tube than the second region is. The method comprises processing a first value derived from signals from the first sensor and a second value derived from signals from the second sensor. The first value is indicative of pressure at the first region inside the vacuum tube, and the second value is indicative of pressure at the second region inside the vacuum tube. Processing the first and second value comprises comparing the first value with a first threshold and comparing the second value with a second threshold; and, based on the processing of the signals, determining that the nature of the fault is associated with the flight tube.

In a circular accelerator that applies a radiofrequency wave in a main magnetic field to accelerate charged particle beam while increasing an orbit radius, another radiofrequency wave with a frequency different from the radiofrequency wave used for acceleration is applied to the charged particle beam in order to extract the charged particle beam. Thereby, in the circular accelerator that accelerates charged particle beam while increasing an orbit radius by applying a radiofrequency wave in a main magnetic field, the high precision control on extraction of the charged particle beam from the circular accelerator is achieved.

An isochronous cyclotron including one or more coils and a plurality of pairs of bulk superconductor sectors. The one or more coils can be configured to generate a magnetic field in the beam chamber having a magnetic flux density that increases radially from the central axis of the beam chamber, and is orientated substantially perpendicular to the median acceleration plane of the beam chamber. Each pair of bulk superconductor sectors can be disposed on opposite sides of the median acceleration plane. The plurality of pairs of bulk superconductor sectors can be configured to guide or concentrate the magnetic field to provide an axial focusing component of the magnetic field.

Disclosed herein is a waveguide cell having a helical cavity. The waveguide cell has a central axis and a cavity having a transverse cross section whose rotational position about the central axis varies along the central axis. There is also disclosed a method a determining the shape of a waveguide cell.

The present relates to a device for providing a radiation treatment to a patient comprising:—an electron source for providing a beam of electrons, and—a linear accelerator for accelerating said beam until a predetermined energy, and—a beam delivery module for delivering the accelerated beam from said linear accelerator toward the patient to treat a target volume with a radiation dose, The device further comprises intensity modulation means configured to modulate the distribution of the radiation dose in the target volume according to a predetermined pattern. The pattern is determined to match the dimensions of a target volume of at least about 50 cm.sup.3, and/or a target volume located at least about 5 cm deep in the tissue of the patient with said radiation dose, The radiation dose distributed is up to about 20 Gy delivered during an overall treatment time less than about 50 ms.

Described are devices, systems, and methods for modulating the spectral energy distribution produced by an x-ray source via control of the energy of the x-ray-generating electron beam, e.g., for energy-modulated radiation therapy or other purposes. In some embodiments, such energy modulation is achieved by an add-on device to a linear accelerator. Also disclosed are computational methods and computer program products for planning energy-modulated therapy.

Described are devices, systems, and methods for modulating the spectral energy distribution produced by an x-ray source via control of the energy of the x-ray-generating electron beam, e.g., for energy-modulated radiation therapy or other purposes. In some embodiments, such energy modulation is achieved by an add-on device to a linear accelerator. Also disclosed are computational methods and computer program products for planning energy-modulated therapy.

A neutron ray irradiation target apparatus 100 of the present invention is used to irradiate irradiation targets (seeds, etc.) with a neutron ray generated by a neutron ray irradiation apparatus. The neutron ray irradiation target apparatus 100 has a holding means 70 for holding the irradiation targets. The holding means 70 holds at least one closed container 30 which can accommodate the irradiation targets 20 stacked randomly and three-dimensionally. In the case where the irradiation targets are stacked three-dimensionally and accommodated in the closed container, the irradiation targets overlapping each other are irradiated with the neutron ray in a chain reaction fashion. The neutron ray irradiation target apparatus 100 can be used in a method for irradiating a large amount of irradiation targets (seeds of crops, etc.) with a neutron ray, while reducing a required time, thereby efficiently inducing mutations in the irradiation targets.

The present relates to device for ultra-high dose rate radiation treatment to a patient, comprising: —a radiation source for providing a radiation beam, and —a linear accelerator for accelerating said radiation beam until a predetermined energy, and —a beam delivery module for delivery the accelerated radiation beam. The device is arranged for generating an accelerated radiation beam having a predetermined energy between about 50 MeV and about 250 MeV, to deliver rate radiation dose of at least 10 Gy, during an overall time less than about 200 ms in order to generate a radiation field for treating a target volume of at least about 30 cm3, with said ultra-high dose rate radiation dose and/or a target volume located at least about 5 cm deep in the tissue of the patient with said ultra-high dose rate radiation dose.