A crystal element includes a vibration part, a holding part, an electrode part, and a recess that corresponds to a recess and/or protrusion. The vibration part has a pair of vibration-part main surfaces. The holding part is formed integrally with the vibration part to be connected to an outer edge of vibration part and has a pair of holding-part main surfaces and holding-part side surfaces. The electrode part is provided at the vibration-part main surfaces. The recess is located at the holding-part side surfaces.

An OLED is disclosed that includes an enhancement layer having optically active metamaterials, or hyperbolic metamaterials, which transfer radiative energy from the organic emissive material to a non-radiative mode, wherein the enhancement layer is disposed over the organic emissive layer opposite from the first electrode, and is positioned no more than a threshold distance away from the organic emissive layer, wherein the organic emissive material has a total non-radiative decay rate constant and a total radiative decay rate constant due to the presence of the enhancement layer, and the threshold distance is where the total non-radiative decay rate constant is equal to the total radiative decay rate constant; and an outcoupling layer disposed over the enhancement layer, wherein the outcoupling layer scatters radiative energy from the enhancement layer to free space.

To provide a transparent electrode that hardly causes migration of silver and has high resistance, a method for producing the same, and an electronic device using the transparent electrode.

A transparent electrode according to the embodiment includes a laminated structure in which a transparent base material, a conductive silver-containing layer, and a conductive oxide layer are laminated in this order,

wherein a ratio T.sub.800/T.sub.600 of total transmittances of the transparent electrode is 0.85 or more, where T.sub.800 and T.sub.600 are transmittances at wavelengths of 800 nm and 600 nm, respectively, and

the silver-containing layer is continuous. This electrode can be produced by bringing sulfur or a sulfur compound into contact with a laminated film in which a conductive silver-containing layer and a conductive oxide layer are laminated to form a sulfur-containing silver compound layer.

An organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display is disclosed. In one aspect, the OLED display includes a lower substrate including a display area and a non-display area surrounding the display area, wherein a plurality of pixels are formed in the display area. The OLED display also includes an embedded circuit formed in the configured to apply a plurality of signals to the pixels, and an initialization wiring formed in the non-display area and configured to apply an initialization voltage to each of the pixels. The initialization circuit is formed in a layer so as to at least partially overlap with the area of the embedded circuit.

An organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display is disclosed. In one aspect, the OLED display includes a lower substrate including a display area and a non-display area surrounding the display area, wherein a plurality of pixels are formed in the display area. The OLED display also includes an embedded circuit formed in the configured to apply a plurality of signals to the pixels, and an initialization wiring formed in the non-display area and configured to apply an initialization voltage to each of the pixels. The initialization circuit is formed in a layer so as to at least partially overlap with the area of the embedded circuit.

A light-emitting unit (140) is formed on a substrate (100), and includes a light-transmitting first electrode (110), a light-reflective second electrode (130), and an organic layer (120) located between the first electrode (110) and the second electrode (130). A light-transmitting region is located between a plurality of light-emitting units (140). An insulating film (150) defines an end (142) of the light-emitting unit (140). A sealing member (200) is fixed to the light-emitting unit (140) directly or through an adhesive layer (210). In addition, a thickness of the substrate (100) is d, and a width of a portion of the second electrode (130) that is further on the outer side of the light-emitting unit (140) than the end (142) is W, d/2 W is established.

A light-emitting unit (140) is formed on a substrate (100), and includes a light-transmitting first electrode (110), a light-reflective second electrode (130), and an organic layer (120) located between the first electrode (110) and the second electrode (130). A light-transmitting region is located between a plurality of light-emitting units (140). An insulating film (150) defines an end (142) of the light-emitting unit (140). A sealing member (200) is fixed to the light-emitting unit (140) directly or through an adhesive layer (210). In addition, a thickness of the substrate (100) is d, and a width of a portion of the second electrode (130) that is further on the outer side of the light-emitting unit (140) than the end (142) is W, d/2 W is established.

A light emitting device includes a first electrode, a second electrode facing the first electrode, and organic layers disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode, wherein the organic layers include at least one organic layer that includes an amine compound represented by Formula 1. The light emitting device may exhibit improved luminous efficiency characteristics.

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A method of manufacturing an organic light-emitting display apparatus includes: forming a lift-off layer on a substrate including a first electrode, the lift-off layer including a fluoropolymer; forming a pattern layer on the lift-off layer; etching the lift-off layer between patterns of the pattern layer by utilizing a first solvent to expose the first electrode; forming an organic functional layer on the first electrode and the pattern layer, the organic functional layer including an emission layer; removing remaining portions of the lift-off layer by utilizing a second solvent; and forming a second electrode on the organic functional layer.

A method of manufacturing an organic light-emitting display apparatus includes: forming a lift-off layer on a substrate including a first electrode, the lift-off layer including a fluoropolymer; forming a pattern layer on the lift-off layer; etching the lift-off layer between patterns of the pattern layer by utilizing a first solvent to expose the first electrode; forming an organic functional layer on the first electrode and the pattern layer, the organic functional layer including an emission layer; removing remaining portions of the lift-off layer by utilizing a second solvent; and forming a second electrode on the organic functional layer.