A method for operating a photovoltaic module in which the photovoltaic module has at least one perovskite solar cell. The method includes temporarily operating the photovoltaic module at the maximum power point by a control device connected to the photovoltaic module, wherein the drawing of electrical energy is interrupted when the irradiance of electromagnetic radiation impinging on the photovoltaic module falls below a predetermined threshold value. A photovoltaic device includes a photovoltaic module having at least one perovskite solar cell, and a control device connected to the photovoltaic module.

Provided is a method of manufacturing a display device, in which a defective rate of a display substrate is reduced by, prior to main processing, irradiating a laser to a portion of a processing area of a display substrate, and predicting and correcting a location to which the laser is irradiated. The method includes irradiating a first laser to a first irradiation area of a processing area of a display substrate, obtaining a first image of the processing area of the display substrate, calculating a first displacement between a center of the first irradiation area irradiated with the first laser and a center of the processing area by using the first image, determining a second irradiation area to which a second laser is to be irradiated on the display substrate based on the first displacement, and irradiating the second laser to the second irradiation area.

The present disclosure provides a packaging adhesive, a packaging method, a display panel, and a display device. The packaging adhesive includes a frit, an organic solvent, and a material with a thermal expansion coefficient larger than that of the frit. Using the packaging adhesive provided by the present disclosure, the thermal expansion coefficient of the packaging adhesive from which the organic solvent is removed may be enhanced by doping the material with a thermal expansion coefficient larger than that of the frit into existing glass cement, so that in a packaging process using laser radiation, an expansion volume of the packaging adhesive when heated is increased. In this way, a gap between the packaging adhesive and an array substrate is effectively reduced, and a packaging effect is improved.

Photocurable compositions that combine redox-active semiconducting organic polymers with photocurable organic molecules are provided. Upon exposure to radiation, the photocurable compositions form ion-permeable, electrically conductive crosslinked organic films that can be used as conducting channels in n-channel or p-channel organic electrochemical transistors, including vertical organic electrochemical transistors (vOECTs). The vOECTs can be incorporated in complementary electronic circuits.

A manufacturing method of a display device includes irradiating a laser beam onto a work panel along a beam irradiation line corresponding to an outer edge of the display device including a first thickness area and a second thickness area. The irradiating of the laser beam includes first irradiating the laser beam under a first driving condition to provide a first portion of the beam irradiation line at the first area, stopping driving of the laser beam while changing the first driving condition to a second driving condition different from the first driving condition, after the first irradiating of the laser beam, and second irradiating the laser beam under the second driving condition to provide a second portion of the beam irradiation line at the second area, after the stopping of the driving of the laser beam.

A method for manufacturing a mask may include the following steps: preparing a substrate; providing a first coating, which may be optically transparent, may cover a covered portion of the substrate, and may expose exposed portions of the substrate; forming a scattering layer between the first coating layer and the covered portion of the substrate; and removing the exposed portions of the substrate to form mask holes.

Disclosed are a light-emitting device and a method of manufacturing the same. The light-emitting device includes: a first electrode; a second electrode facing the first electrode; an emission layer between the first electrode and the second electrode and including a quantum dot including a first ligand bonded to a surface thereof; and a charge transport layer including an inorganic nanoparticle including a second ligand bonded to a surface thereof, wherein an interface between the emission layer and the charge transport layer includes a cross-link in which the first ligand on the surface of the quantum dot and the second ligand on the surface of the inorganic nanoparticle are linked by a cross-linking agent.

An apparatus for manufacturing a display apparatus is provided. The apparatus includes a stage that has a first surface and a second surface. A display substrate is arranged on the first surface, and the second surface is opposite to the first surface. The apparatus also includes a jig facing the second surface, a heat transfer unit arranged on the jig and including a protrusion pin protruding toward the second surface, and a laser unit configured to irradiate a laser beam to the heat transfer unit.

A method includes: (a) preparing the organic electroluminescence display apparatus including: plural elements in which a reflective anode, an organic layer including an emission layer, and a transparent cathode are stacked; and partition walls, in which at least one of the picture elements is a bright spot defective element that always lights or blinks and (b) applying a laser beam to an area of the transparent cathode in the bright spot defective element, to draw a closed line and to have an unirradiated area along a periphery of the area, the area reflecting an emitting part. Step (b) includes (b-1) transforming the transparent cathode and an electron transmission layer by focusing the laser beam on the transparent cathode. In step (b-1), an area transformed in the electron transmission layer is enlarged by application of the laser beam.

A first organic resin layer is formed over a first substrate; a first insulating film is formed over the first organic resin layer; a first element layer is formed over the first insulating film; a second organic resin layer is formed over a second substrate; a second insulating film is formed over the second organic resin layer; a second element layer is formed over the second insulating film; the first substrate and the second substrate are bonded; a first separation step in which adhesion between the first organic resin layer and the first substrate is reduced; the first organic resin layer and a first flexible substrate are bonded with a first bonding layer; a second separation step in which adhesion between the second organic resin layer and the second substrate is reduced; and the second organic resin layer and a second flexible substrate are bonded with a second bonding layer.