Provided are a solar cell, a manufacturing method thereof and a photovoltaic module. The solar cell includes a semiconductor substrate, the semiconductor substrate having a first surface and a second surface opposite to each other; a first passivation layer and a first electrode layer that are located on the first surface of the semiconductor substrate; and a second passivation layer and a second electrode layer that are located on the second surface of the semiconductor substrate. A donor material film layer is provided between the first passivation layer and the first surface of the semiconductor substrate, and/or an acceptor material film layer is provided between the second passivation layer and the second surface of the semiconductor substrate.

The present disclosure provides an organic compound represented by general formula [1] below. ##STR00001## In formula [1], Ar.sub.1 and Ar.sub.2 each represent an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, an aromatic hydrocarbon group having 6 to 18 carbon atoms, or a heteroaromatic group having 3 to 17 carbon atoms. Ar.sub.1 and Ar.sub.2 may be the same or different. Ar.sub.3 and Ar.sub.4 are each a substituent having a carbazolyl group. Ar.sub.3 and Ar.sub.4 may be the same or different. Ar.sub.1 to Ar.sub.4 may be substituted. At least one of Ar.sub.1 to Ar.sub.4 has a tert-butyl group. The total number of tert-butyl groups in one molecule of the organic compound is 2 or more.

A photoelectric conversion device includes a first electrode and a second electrode facing each other, a photoelectric conversion layer between the first electrode and the second electrode and configured to absorb light in at least one part of a wavelength spectrum of light and to convert it into an electric signal, and an organic auxiliary layer between the first electrode and the photoelectric conversion layer and having a higher charge mobility than a charge mobility of the photoelectric conversion layer. An organic sensor may include the photoelectric conversion device. An electronic device may include the organic sensor.

A memory device includes a memory cell and a controller. The memory cell includes: (a) an array of molecule chains, at least one molecule chain includes: (i) first and second binding sites positioned at first and second ends of the molecule chain, respectively, and (ii) a chain of one or more fullerene derivatives, chemically connecting between the first and second binding sites, (b) source and drain electrodes, electrically connected to the first and second binding sites, respectively, and configured to apply to the array a source-drain voltage (VSD) along a first axis, and (c) a gate electrode, configured to apply to the array a gate voltage (VG) along a second different axis. The controller is configured to perform a data storage operation in the memory cell by (i) applying to the gate electrode a signal for producing the VG, and (ii) applying the VSD between the source and drain electrodes.

An organic photoelectronic device includes a first electrode and a second electrode facing each other and a light-absorption layer between the first electrode and the second electrode and including a photoelectric conversion region including a p-type light-absorbing material and an n-type light-absorbing material and a doped region including an exciton quencher and at least one of the p-type light-absorbing material and the n-type light-absorbing material, wherein at least one of the p-type light-absorbing material and the n-type light-absorbing material selectively absorbs a part of visible light, and an image sensor includes the same.

Provided is a method for synthesizing carbon agglomerates containing metastable carbyne/carbynoid chains; a method for synthesizing carbon or carbon compound allotropes from the agglomerates containing metastable carbyne/carbynoid chains; and the uses of the methods. The method for synthesizing carbon agglomerates containing metastable carbyne/carbynoid chains includes the following steps: a) forming carbon vapor precursors, containing carbine/carbynoid chains, by decomposing a carbon gas selected from among CH.sub.4, C.sub.2H.sub.2, C.sub.2H.sub.4, gaseous toluene, and benzene in the form of vapors at a temperature T such that 1 500° C.<T≦3 000° C.; and b) condensing the carbon vapor precursors, obtained in Step a), on the surface of a substrate, the temperature Ts of which is less than the temperature T. The invention is particularly of use in the field of electronics.

A photoelectric device includes a first photoelectric conversion layer including a heterojunction that includes a first p-type semiconductor and a first n-type semiconductor, a second photoelectric conversion layer on the first photoelectric conversion layer and including a heterojunction that includes a second p-type semiconductor and a second n-type semiconductor. A peak absorption wavelength (λ.sub.max1) of the first photoelectric conversion layer and a peak absorption wavelength (λ.sub.max2) of the second photoelectric conversion layer are included in a common wavelength spectrum of light that is one wavelength spectrum of light of a red wavelength spectrum of light, a green wavelength spectrum of light, a blue wavelength spectrum of light, a near infrared wavelength spectrum of light, or an ultraviolet wavelength spectrum of light, and a light-absorption full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the second photoelectric conversion layer is narrower than an FWHM of the first photoelectric conversion layer.

A near-infrared absorber includes a compound represented by Chemical Formula 1. A near-infrared absorbing/blocking film, a photoelectric device, an organic sensor, and an electronic device may include the near-infrared absorber. ##STR00001## In Chemical Formula 1, X.sup.1, X.sup.2, Y.sup.1, Y.sup.2, Ar, Ar.sup.1, and Ar.sup.2 are the same as defined in the detailed description.

The present invention provides a photoelectric conversion element having excellent heat resistance. In addition, the present invention provides an optical sensor and an imaging element including the photoelectric conversion element. In addition, the present invention provides a compound applied to the photoelectric conversion element. The photoelectric conversion element according to the embodiment of the present invention including a conductive film, a photoelectric conversion film, and a transparent conductive film, in this order, in which the photoelectric conversion film contains a compound represented by Formula (1) or (2). ##STR00001##

A first photoelectric conversion element according to an embodiment of the present disclosure includes: a first electrode; a second electrode that is disposed to be opposed to the first electrode; and a photoelectric conversion layer that is provided between the first electrode and the second electrode. The photoelectric conversion layer includes a fullerene C.sub.60 or a fullerene C.sub.70 as a first organic semiconductor material and a second organic semiconductor material having an ionization potential of 0 or more and 5.0 eV or less.