An imaging device including pixels each including: a photoelectric converter including a first electrode, a second electrode, and a photoelectric conversion layer between the first electrode and the second electrode, the second electrode of each of the pixels being electrically connected to each other; and a transistor having a gate electrically connected to the first electrode. The imaging device further including voltage supply circuitry electrically connected to the second electrode, in which the voltage supply circuitry supplies a first voltage to the second electrode in an exposure period, the voltage supply circuitry supplies a second voltage to the second electrode in a non-exposure period, an a potential difference between the first electrode and the second electrode in the non-exposure period is less than a potential difference between the first electrode and the second electrode in the exposure period.

A photoelectric conversion element of the present disclosure includes a first electrode, a second electrode disposed to be opposed to the first electrode, and an organic photoelectric conversion layer provided between the first electrode and the second electrode and including at least one of a Chryseno[1,2-b:8,7-b′]dithiophene (ChDT1) derivative represented by the general formula (1) or a Chryseno[1,2-b:7,8-b′]dithiophene (ChDT2) derivative represented by the general formula (2).

An object of the present invention is to provide an electrode material for an organic semiconductor device which maintains excellent conductivity and of which contact properties with an organic semiconductor becomes favorable. The electrode material for an organic semiconductor device of the present invention contains inorganic nanoparticles and an organic π-conjugated ligand, in which the organic π-conjugated ligand is a ligand having at least one electron-withdrawing substituent.

Provided are an organic photodetector and an electronic apparatus including the same. The organic photodetector includes a first electrode, a second electrode facing the first electrode, an auxiliary layer arranged between the first electrode and the second electrode, and an activation layer arranged between the first electrode and the activation layer. The auxiliary layer includes a compound having a refractive index of about 2.2 or more.

Measurements on organic single crystals reveal remarkable optical and electrical characteristics compared to disordered films but practical device applications require uniform, pinhole-free films. Disclosed herein is a process to reliably convert as-deposited amorphous thin films to ones that are highly crystalline, with grains on the order of hundreds of microns. The disclosed method results in films that are pinhole-free and that possess grains that individually are single crystal domains.

Design and use of photo-switching, fullerene-based dyads of the design x-D-y-A or D-y-A-x as interfacial layers (IFL) for organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices are described herein. The fullerene-based dyads and triads of the present invention contain electron-donating substituents such as porphyrins or phthalocyanines that exhibit charge separation states with long lifetimes upon irradiation, resulting in rejection of electrons reaching the electrode and concurrently promoting the conduction of holes. This phenomenon has a strong rectifying effect on the whole device, not just the interfaces, resulting in improved charge extraction from the interior of the photo-active layer. The invention further describes anchoring an IFL to the ITO surface as a monolayer, bilayer, or greater multilayers. One OPV design embodiment of the present invention embodiment involves the formation of covalent bonds via silane groups (—SiR.sub.3) as the anchor (x), to form siloxane bonds.

A film-forming ink includes a film-forming material and a liquid medium in which the film-forming material is dissolved or dispersed. The liquid medium contains a first component which has a viscosity of less than 20 cp and a second component which has a boiling point at an atmospheric pressure within a range of ±30° C. relative to the boiling point at an atmospheric pressure of the first component and has a viscosity of 20 cp or more, and the second component is contained in an amount of 20 parts by weight or more and 500 parts by weight or less with respect to 100 parts by weight of the first component.

An optical sensor includes: a semiconductor layer including first and second regions; a gate electrode; a gate insulating layer including a photoelectric conversion layer; a voltage supply circuit; and a signal detection circuit connected to the first region. The photoelectric conversion layer has a photocurrent characteristic including first and second voltage ranges where an absolute value of a current density increases as an absolute value of a bias voltage increases, and a third voltage range where an absolute value of a rate of change of the current density relative to the bias voltage is less than in the first and second voltage ranges, The voltage supply circuit applies a predetermined voltage between the gate electrode and the second region such that the bias voltage falls within the third voltage range. The signal detection circuit detects an electrical signal corresponding to a change of a capacitance of the photoelectric conversion layer.

A novel light-emitting element is provided. A light-emitting element that emits red light with high color purity and has high emission efficiency is provided. A full-color light-emitting device having low power consumption is provided. In the light-emitting element that exhibits white light emission, the emission wavelength range of red light is a specific range on the longer wavelength side than the conventional emission wavelength range of red light that is usually used, and an optical element having a specific transmittance in the specific wavelength range is used.

A composition contains a naphthalocyanine derivative represented by the following formula:

##STR00001##

where R.sub.1 to R.sub.8 are each independently an alkyl group, and R.sub.9 and R.sub.10 are each independently an aryl group.