Hybrid organic-inorganic perovskite thin films with average grain sizes of at least 50 micrometers were prepared and employed in solar cells. The PCE values of the solar cells did not degrade with the direction or the scan-rate of the applied voltage. The larger average grain sizes are believed to assist in reducing the influence of defect states on carrier recombination. The tunability of PCE with substrate temperature may be correlated to the quality of the crystalline perovskite formed using the hot-casting procedure. The larger average grain sizes lead to good crystalline quality, low defect density, and high carrier mobility. The process for growing hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites may be applicable to the preparation of other materials to overcome problems related to polydispersity, defect formation, and grain boundary recombination.

The present invention relates to a compound of the formula (1), to the use of the compound in an electronic device, and to an electronic device comprising a compound of the formula (1). The present invention furthermore relates to a formulation comprising one or more compounds of the formula (1).

The present disclosure relates to a boron compound applicable to an organic light-emitting diode and an organic light-emitting diode comprising same. More specifically, the present disclosure relates to a boron compound represented by any one of Chemical Formulas A to D and an organic light-emitting diode comprising same, wherein Chemical Formulas A to D are as defined in the description.

Provided is an organic light emitting device including a light emitting layer comprising a compound of Chemical Formula 1 and a first organic material layer comprising a compound of Chemical Formula 2:

##STR00001## wherein: Cy1 to Cy5 are each independently one selected from among a substituted or unsubstituted: aromatic hydrocarbon ring, aliphatic hydrocarbon ring, and aromatic hetero ring, or a ring in which two or more rings selected from the above group are fused, one or more of Cy1 to Cy5 are a ring of Chemical Formula 1-A:

##STR00002## one to three of a* to d* are a position fused to or linked to Chemical Formula 1;

##STR00003## L1 to L3 are each independently a direct bond or a substituted or unsubstituted: arylene or divalent heterocyclic group; and Ar1 and Ar2 are each independently a substituted or unsubstituted: aryl or heterocyclic group.

A compound including a bidentate ligand L.sub.A comprising a structure of Formula I,

##STR00001##

is disclosed. In Formula I, ring A′ is a 7-, 8-, or 9-membered ring structure; X is of NR.sup.2, O, CR, CRR′, S, or SiRR′; each of R.sup.A′, R.sup.1, and R.sup.2 is independently hydrogen or a substituent; R.sup.1′ is independently absent or a hydrogen or a substituent; any two adjacent R.sup.A′, R.sup.1, R.sup.1′, and R.sup.2 can be joined or fused to form a ring; the ligand L.sub.A is coordinated to a metal, which is selected from Os, Ir, Pd, Pt, Cu, Ag, or Au; and (1) at least one of R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 is coordinated to the metal M, or (2) at least one R.sup.A′ comprises a 5- or 6-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring that is not directly fused to Ring A′ and is coordinated to the metal M, or both (1) and (2) are true. Formulations, devices, and consumer products including the compound are also disclosed.

An organometallic compound represented by Formula 1:

M(L.sub.1).sub.n1(L.sub.2).sub.n2  Formula 1

wherein, M is a transition metal, L.sub.1 and L.sub.2 are ligands as provided herein, n1 and n2 are each independently 1 or 2, the sum of n1 and n2 is 2 or 3, and L.sub.1 is different from L.sub.2.

Provided are organometallic compounds comprising a first ligand L.sub.A comprising a multicyclic fused ring system wherein ligand L.sub.A is coordinated to a metal M; and wherein M is selected from the group consisting of Os, Ir, Pd, Pt, Cu, Ag, and Au. Also provided are formulations comprising these compounds. Further provided are OLEDs and related consumer products that utilize these compounds.

A ligand for metal complexes are disclosed, in which an imidazole ring is fused to an aromatic ring as a substituent or an imidazole ring is fused to a six-member ring of the original ligand. The features of these elements within the ligand afford a better device performance in general OLED device.

Visibly transparent photovoltaic devices are disclosed, such as those are transparent to visible light but absorb near-infrared light and/or ultraviolet light. The photovoltaic devices make use of transparent electrodes and near-infrared absorbing visibly transparent photoactive compounds, optical materials, and/or buffer materials.

The present specification provides a heterocyclic compound represented by Chemical Formula 1, an organic light emitting device comprising the same, a composition for an organic material layer of an organic light emitting device, and a method for manufacturing an organic light emitting device.