Single-piece valve closure members (e.g., discs, plugs, balls, etc.) including integral flow paths formed via additive manufacturing processes are disclosed. In some examples, an apparatus includes a single-piece valve closure member. In some examples of the apparatus, the single-piece valve closure member includes an integral flow path to direct a flow of fluid within the valve closure member. In some examples, a method includes forming, via an additive manufacturing process, a single-piece valve closure member. In some examples of the method, the single-piece valve closure member includes an integral flow path to direct a flow of fluid within the valve closure member.

A valve assembly includes a valve installed in a fluid/liquid supply line, and a water circulation pipe that has a first end in fluid communication with a water supply line and a second end in fluid communication with an inner volume of the valve. Some water flowing in the water supply line is diverted through the water circulation pipe and circulates in the valve. The water that is diverted through the water circulation pipe and circulates in the valve has a sufficient flow to prevent freezing and/or water stagnation in the valve.

Single-piece valve closure members (e.g., discs, plugs, balls, etc.) including integral flow paths formed via additive manufacturing processes are disclosed. In some examples, an apparatus includes a single-piece valve closure member. In some examples of the apparatus, the single-piece valve closure member includes an integral flow path to direct a flow of fluid within the valve closure member. In some examples, a method includes forming, via an additive manufacturing process, a single-piece valve closure member. In some examples of the method, the single-piece valve closure member includes an integral flow path to direct a flow of fluid within the valve closure member.

A valve assembly includes a valve installed in a fluid/liquid supply line, and a water circulation pipe that has a first end in fluid communication with a water supply line and a second end in fluid communication with an inner volume of the valve. Some water flowing in the water supply line is diverted through the water circulation pipe and circulates in the valve. The water that is diverted through the water circulation pipe and circulates in the valve has a sufficient flow to prevent freezing and/or water stagnation in the valve.