SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR STORAGE OF CONTAINERS

Abstract

There are provided Nano-Opto-Mechanical sensors for measuring concentration of a component in a gas flow, methods for their use and system comprising the same.

Claims

1-38. (canceled)

39. A vehicle configured for conveying at least one container, the vehicle comprising: a supporting portion configured for holding the at least one container; and a primary lifting mechanism for controlling elevation of the supporting portion, the primary lifting mechanism configured to move the supporting portion between an elevated position and a lowered position; wherein the supporting portion is configured for assuming a retracted state associated with a first outline of the vehicle when seen from above and combinable at least with the lowered position of the supporting portion, and an extended state associated with a second outline of the vehicle when seen from above and combinable at least with the elevated position of the supporting portion; wherein the supporting portion, in the extended state, has projecting areas that project in the second outline relative to the first outline and configured for supporting the at least one container; wherein the projecting areas include a securing arrangement configured for securing the at least one container to the supporting portion.

40. The vehicle according to claim 39, wherein each of the projecting areas is associated with a corresponding retractable element that is retracted in the retracted state of the supporting portion and is extended in the extended state of the supporting portion.

41. The vehicle according to claim 40, wherein the supporting portion includes a plurality of recesses, each of the plurality of recesses configured to at least partially accommodate at least one of the retractable elements in the retracted state.

42. The vehicle according to claim 39, wherein at least part of the projecting areas include a guiding arrangement configured for guiding the at least one container during loading thereof on the vehicle for properly locating the at least one container with respect to the supporting portion.

43. The vehicle according to claim 42, wherein the securing arrangement and the guiding arrangement are integrated in a common securing-guiding arrangement.

44. The vehicle according to claim 42, wherein at least one of the securing arrangement or the guiding arrangement is configured to assume a folded unoperative position and an unfolded operative position.

45. The vehicle according to claim 39, wherein the supporting portion has a generally rectangular shape defined by four corners, and the projecting areas are disposed at the corners.

46. The vehicle according to claim 39, further comprising an auxiliary arrangement configured for holding the at least one container instead of the supporting portion for allowing the supporting portion to shift between the extended state and the retracted state.

47. A system for storage of at least one container, the system comprising: a storage structure having a plurality of storage cells, each of the plurality of storage cells including a plurality of columns having bearing portions configured to support the at least one container therewithin; and at least one vehicle configured for conveying the at least one container to and from one or more of the plurality of storage cells, the at least one vehicle including: a supporting portion configured for holding the at least one container; and a primary lifting mechanism for controlling elevation of the supporting portion, the primary lifting mechanism configured to move the supporting portion between an elevated position and a lowered position; wherein the supporting portion is configured for assuming a retracted state associated with a first outline of the at least one vehicle when seen from above and combinable at least with the lowered position of the supporting portion, and an extended state associated with a second outline of the at least one vehicle when seen from above and combinable at least with the elevated position of the supporting portion; wherein the supporting portion, in the extended state, has projecting areas that project in the second outline relative to the first outline and configured for supporting the at least one container; wherein the projecting areas include a securing arrangement configured for securing the at least one container to the supporting portion.

48. The system according to claim 47, wherein the projecting areas have outermost points spaced from each other a distance D1 defining a maximal dimension of the second outline along a first axis of the at least one vehicle, and the first outline has outermost points spaced from each other a distance D2 defining a maximal dimension along the first axis, which is smaller than D1, allowing the at least one vehicle with the first outline to pass, along a second axis substantially perpendicular to the first axis, between columns of a cell spaced from each other along the first axis to a distance greater than D2 and smaller than D1, without the at least one container thereon and, when having the second outline, to locate the at least one container on the bearing portions of the columns of the cell.

49. The system according to claim 47, wherein the columns include lower portions characterized by a minimal length dimension in the first axis associated with the distance therebetween (R1) and the following condition is fulfilled: D2<R1<D1, so that at least in the retracted state of the supporting portion, transportation of the at least one vehicle along the second axis into the storage cell, in the lowered position of the supporting portion without the at least one container thereon is allowed, and in the extended state of the supporting portion, the transportation is prevented.

50. The system according to claim 49, wherein the columns include upper portions characterized by a minimal length dimension in the first axis associated with the distance therebetween (R2) and the following condition is fulfilled: D2<R2<D1, so that at least in the retracted state of the supporting portion, movement of the supporting portion between the elevated position and the lowered position is allowed.

51. The system according to claim 50, wherein the conditions: D2<R2<D1 are fulfilled, so that at least in the extended state of the supporting portion, movement of the supporting portion between the elevated position and the lowered position is prevented.

52. The system according to claim 50, wherein the columns have a substantially straight elongated shape, and the following condition is fulfilled: R1=R2, and the bearing portions of the columns are substantially horizontal flat surfaces.

53. The system according to claim 50, wherein the upper portions protrude into an interior space of a corresponding one of the plurality of storage cells with respect to the lower portions, so that the following condition is fulfilled: R1>R2.

54. The system according to claim 48, wherein the projecting areas have outermost points spaced from each other a distance D1′ defining a maximal dimension of the second outline along the second axis of the at least one vehicle, and the first outline has outermost points spaced from each other a distance D2′ defining a maximal dimension along the second axis, which is smaller than D1 ′, allowing the at least one vehicle with the first outline to pass, along the first axis substantially perpendicular to the second axis, between columns of a cell spaced from each other along the second axis to a distance greater than D2′ and smaller than D1′, without the at least one container thereon and, when having the second outline, to locate the at least one container on the bearing portions of the columns of the cell.

55. The system according to claim 54, wherein the columns include lower portions characterized by a minimal length dimension in the second axis associated with the distance therebetween (R1′) and the following condition is fulfilled: D2′<R1′<D1′ and R1′>D2′, so that at least in the retracted state of the supporting portion, transportation of the at least one vehicle along the second axis into the storage cell, in the lowered position of the supporting portion without the at least one container thereon is allowed, and in the extended state of the supporting portion, the transportation is prevented.

56. A system for storage of at least one container, the system comprising: a storage structure having a plurality of storage cells, each of the plurality of storage cells including a plurality of columns configured to support the at least one container therewithin; at least one vehicle configured for conveying the at least one container to and from one or more of the plurality of storage cells, the at least one vehicle including: a supporting portion configured for holding the at least one container; and a primary lifting mechanism for controlling elevation of the supporting portion, the primary lifting mechanism configured to move the supporting portion between an elevated position and an lowered position; a guiding-securing arrangement mechanically associated with the supporting portion and configured for: guiding the at least one container during loading thereof on the at least one vehicle for properly locating the at least one container with respect to the supporting portion; and securing the at least one container to the supporting portion so as to prevent the at least one container from moving with respect thereto at least during transportation of the at least one container by the at least one vehicle.

57. The system according to claim 56, wherein the supporting portion includes supporting areas configured for supporting the at least one container at base portions thereof, and wherein the supporting portion is structured so that when the at least one container is received thereon, additional base portions of the at least one container are exposed, when seen from below, for being placed on bearing portions of the columns when the supporting portion is moved from the elevated position to the lowered position.

58. The system according to claim 56, wherein the at least one vehicle has a first axis and a second axis substantially perpendicular thereto and the supporting portion has a first maximal length dimension (L1) in the first axis, and wherein the columns include lower portions characterized by a minimal length dimension in the first axis associated with the distance therebetween (R1) and the following condition is fulfilled: R1>L1, so that transportation of the at least one vehicle along the second axis into the storage cell, at least in the lowered position of the supporting portion without the at least one container thereon is allowed.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

[0029] In the following description, various aspects of the disclosure will be described. For the purpose of explanation, specific configurations and details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the disclosure. However, it will also be apparent to one skilled in the art that the embodiments may be practiced without specific details being presented herein. Furthermore, well-known features may be omitted or simplified in order not to obscure the disclosure. The figures are listed below.

[0030] FIG. 1 schematically illustrates a Nano-Opto-Mechanical (NOM) sensor for measuring concentration of a component in a gas flow, according to some embodiments;

[0031] FIG. 2A schematically illustrates a sampling member and a NOM sensor, according to some embodiments;

[0032] FIG. 2B schematically illustrates an exploded cross section of the NOM sensor, according to some embodiments;

[0033] FIG. 2C schematically illustrates an exploded top view of the NOM sensor, according to some embodiments;

[0034] FIG. 3 schematically illustrates the cannula and the NOM sensor with a restrictor, according to some embodiments;

[0035] FIG. 4 schematically illustrates the exploded cross section of the NOM sensor with a thermal flow meter in the bypass channel, according to some embodiments;

[0036] FIG. 5 schematically illustrates the exploded cross section of the NOM sensor with thermal flow meter in the main cannula flow, according to some embodiments;

[0037] FIG. 6 schematically illustrates the exploded cross section of the NOM sensor with a pneumatic flow meter (differential pressure sensor), according to some embodiments;

[0038] FIG. 7 schematically illustrates the nasal cannula system, according to some embodiments;

[0039] FIG. 8 schematically illustrates the nasal-oral cannula system, according to some embodiments;

[0040] FIG. 9 schematically illustrates a flow chart of a method for measuring concentration of a component in a gas flow, according to some embodiments; and

[0041] FIG. 10 schematically illustrates a flow chart of a mechanical ventilation method, according to some embodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0042] In the following description, various aspects of the disclosure will be described. For the purpose of explanation, specific configurations and details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the different aspects of the disclosure. However, it will also be apparent to one skilled in the art that the disclosure may be practiced without specific details being presented herein. Furthermore, well-known features may be omitted or simplified in order not to obscure the disclosure.

[0043] There is provided herein, according to some embodiments, a Nano-Opto-Mechanical (NOM) sensor for measuring concentration of a component in a gas flow, a nasal cannula system and a mechanical ventilation method. The NOM sensor may include a bypass channel fluidly connected to a gas flow in a gas sampling member, a nano-scale void (which may be referred to as an air gap) positioned in or otherwise associated with the gas sampling member, and at least one nano-particle confined in the nano-scale void.

[0044] As used herein, the term “gas sampling member” may refer to a patient interface configured to receive breath samples from the patient. Non-limiting examples of gas sampling members include, nasal cannulas, oral cannulas, oral/nasal cannulas, airway adaptors or any other element configured to receive gas samples from a patient.

[0045] The NOM sensor may include a first optical element and a first multimode interference (MMI) region configured to guide a first light beam through one side of the nano-scale void and a second optical element and a second MMI region configured to guide a second light beam through the bypass channel and through the opposing side of the nano-scale void.

[0046] As used herein, the term “optical element” may refer to a waveguide configured to guide and/or direct a light beam, such as, but not limited to, an optic fiber.

[0047] The first and second light beams may be configured to generate interference fringes in the MMI regions and the nano-scale void. The nano-particle location in the nano-scale void may be affected by the generated interference fringes, and the location of the nano-particle may be indicative of the concentration of the measured component in the gas flow.

[0048] The NOM sensor may include a detection member. As used herein, the term “detection member” may refer to any element configured to detect the location of the nano-particle in the nano scale void, Optionally, the detection member may include a third optical element configured to guide a third light beam through the nano-scale void, wherein the output intensity of the third light beam may be a function of the gas component. The third light beam may be configured to pass through the nano-scale void in substantially perpendicular direction to the first and second light beams

[0049] According to some embodiments, the output detector may include a light detector, (such as, but not limited to, a charge-coupled device) configured to detect the output intensity of the third light beam.

[0050] According to some embodiments, the disclosed NOM gas sensor may not require a pump to aspirate gas samples from the patient's airway as with side stream capnographs that use pumps to aspirate gas through a long capillary tube into an external unit.

[0051] In some embodiments, the disclosed NOM sensor may be used in both intubated and non-intubated patients.

[0052] According to some embodiments, the term “MMI region” refers to a multimode interference region generated in widened optical waveguides such as silicon waveguides used in passive and/or active waveguide-based devices, such as optical couplers, switches, and the like. However, other optical waveguides are also under the scope of the disclosure.

[0053] Reference is now made to FIG. 1, which schematically illustrates a NOM sensor for measuring concentration of a component in a gas flow, according to some embodiments. NOM sensor 100 includes two MMI regions 108 and 109, a nano-scale void 107 located between the two MMI regions 108 and 109 and at least one nano-particle 110 confined in the nano-scale void. The two MMI regions 108 and 109 shown in FIG. 1, may receive light beams through optical elements 102 and 104 and through single mode waveguides 103 and 105, where the two MMI regions 108 and 109 are configured to generate controllable standing waves in nano scale void 107. The diameter of Nano particle 110 may be about few tens of nanometers, typically, in the range of 30 to 100 nanometers (for example, 30-50 nanometers, 40-70 nanometers, 30-80 nanometers or 60-100 nanometers). The size of nano scale void 107 may typically be in the range of 10-100 by 200-1000 nanometers (for example, 10 by 100 nanometers, 50 by 200 nanometers, 80 by 265 nanometers). According to some embodiments, the gas component may be exhaled CO.sub.2. However, other components of a gas and atoms may be detected with other embodiments of the disclosed NOM sensor, as further detailed below.

[0054] NOM sensor 100 includes a bypass channel 125 and an inlet/outlet hole 120 and an outlet/inlet hole 130. Optionally, NOM sensor 100 may include a light source 101 configured to generate two light beams configured to pass through optical elements 102 and 104. Optionally, NOM sensor 100 may be configured to generate a third light beam configured to pass through optical element 106. Alternatively, one or more light beams may be generated by external light sources and guided to NOM sensor 100 by optical fibers (not shown). NOM sensor 100 includes a first optical element 102, configured to guide a first light beam through nano-scale void 107, a second optical element 104, configured to guide light beam through bypass channel 125, and to next guide the light beam through nano-scale void 107. NOM sensor 100 may include a third optical element 106, configured to guide a third light beam through nano-scale void 107, wherein the output of the third light beam is a function of the concentration of a component in a gas flow, (such as, exhaled CO.sub.2), that flows in and out of bypass channel 125. The optical elements, 102, 104, and 106 may be single mode silicon waveguides, typically having about 450 nanometer width and about 250 nanometer height, for example, however, other optical elements' widths and heights may be designed or manufactured and are included within the scope of this disclosure. However, other waveguides and/or optical fibers may also be applicable and as such fall within the scope of the disclosure.

[0055] Optionally, nano particle 110 may be a gold nano-particle, however, other nano-particle materials may be used in embodiments of the disclosure and are in the scope of the present disclosure.

[0056] The position of Nano-particle 110 in nano scale void 107 is configured to modify intensity of the third light beam output. Nano scale shifts of nano-particle 110 (only on the order of tens of nanometers) may change the light beam output intensity by orders of magnitudes.

[0057] The first and the second light beams are configured to generate interference fringes in the two MMI regions and nano-scale void 107. The position of Nano-particle 110 in nano scale void 107 is affected by the generated interference fringes, in that the nano-particle is trapped by and follows a high intensity fringe.

[0058] The third light beam may be configured to pass through nano-scale void 107 in substantially perpendicular direction to the first and second light beams' directions. Other crossing angles between the third light beam and the first and second light beams may be envisaged and are in the scope of the present disclosure.

[0059] Since the required movement of nano particle 110 in nano-scale void 107 is minuscule (on the nanometer scale) and the size of the nano particle is minuscule, the disclosed NOM sensor sensitivity is high, and even small changes in the second light beam intensity, or phase, may drastically affect the third light beam output intensity. Due to the high sensitivity of the NOM sensor, the size of the light sources may be reduced, the energy of the light beam may be reduced to a few nano Watts and the CO.sub.2 gas sample volume to be measured by the NOM sensor may be reduced by a factor of 100, to about 0.2-1 ml/min (e.g. 0.5 ml/min), which is an important advantage of the instant disclosure.

[0060] NOM sensor 100, including nano scale void 107, optical elements 102 and 104 and MMI regions 108 and 109, may be fabricated on silicon wafers with submicron resolution using silicon on insulator (SOI) technology. Gold nano particles may be inserted to the fabricated nano-scale void 107, using an atomic force microscope (AFM) tip.

[0061] Reference is now made to FIG. 2A, which schematically illustrates part of a sampling member 200 (such as for example a nasal cannula as shown in FIG. 7 hereinbelow) having a NOM sensor 100 mounted on (or otherwise attached to) wall 205 thereof, according to some embodiments. NOM sensor 100 is configured to receive breath samples from the main breathing flow 210 flowing in sampling member 200. Thus, part of patient's breathing flow enters from sampling member 200 to a bypass channel (such as bypass channel 125 shown in FIG. 2B) of NOM sensor 100 through inlets 120 and 130 in wall 205 of sampling member 200, for sampling by NOM sensor 100.

[0062] Reference is now made to FIG. 2B, which illustrates a cross section of NOM sensor 100 along line A-A, shown in FIG. 2A, according to some embodiments. Inlets 120 and 130, formed in wall 205, are configured to receive inhaled and exhaled air, respectively. During exhalation, the breath flow is flowing in one direction (e.g. from inlet 120 to inlet 130 as illustrated by arrows 122 (inlet 130 is thus, in fact, serving as an outlet) and exhaled breath flows into bypass channel 125 of NOM sensor 100. Due to a pressure drop between inlets 120 and 130, breathing flow 210, switches direction during inhalation and exhalation. Optical elements 102 and 104 are configured to guide light beams through MMI regions 108 and 109 (illustrated in FIG. 1) and through a nano-scale void (illustrated as 107 in FIG. 2C) from opposite sides thereof, thereby generating interference fringes. Optical fiber 104 is further configured to guide the light beam through bypass channel 125 prior to reaching the nano-scale void. Accordingly, CO.sub.2, present in the patient's breath flowing in bypass channel 125, may absorb light that reduces the intensity of the light beam passing there through and hence modifies the generated interference fringes.

[0063] Reference is now made to FIG. 2C, which schematically illustrates a cross section of NOM sensor 100 along line B-B, shown in FIG. 2A, according to some embodiments. NOM sensor 100 may include a light source, such as light source 101 of FIG. 1. Alternatively, the light source may be an external light source in which case optical fiber lines may transmit the light beams to NOM sensor 100 (option not shown). The output beam of the light source may be split into two light beams configured to be guided by optical elements 102 and 104. Optical elements 102 and 104 are configured to guide light beams through MMI regions 108 and 109 (illustrated in FIG. 1) and through nano-scale void 107 from opposite sides thereof, thereby generating interference fringes. Optical fiber 104 is further configured to guide the light beam through bypass channel 125 prior to reaching nano-scale void 107. In effect, when the concentration of CO.sub.2 is negligible, the generated interference fringes remain unchanged and nanoparticle 110 is positioned in the center of nano-scale void 107, as shown in FIG. 2C. In the nano-scale void center position, nanoparticle 110 scatters most of a third light beam passed through optical element (illustrated as element 106 in FIG. 1), thereby reducing the output intensity of the third light beam, to a substantially zero level.

[0064] The temporal variations of exhaled CO.sub.2 concentration in bypass channel 125 are typically between 4% (end tidal exhaled CO.sub.2 concentration), to 0.04% (inhaled CO.sub.2 concentration). CO.sub.2 molecules absorb an IR light beam, thereby reducing the output intensity proportionally to the CO.sub.2 concentration in bypass channel 125. This in turn modifies the interference fringes in nano-scale void 107, and as a result thereof, the position of nano-particle 110 in nano-scale void 107. Consequently, the third light beam output intensity is reduced. Hence, the third light beam output intensity may serve as an indicator of the concentration of CO.sub.2 in bypass channel 125. Due to the minuscule nano-opto-mechanical effect, the sensitivity of the disclosed CO.sub.2 sensor is high, and exhaled CO.sub.2 flow samples of only about 0.2-1 ml/min (e.g. 0.5 ml/min) may suffice to generate a reliable measurement of exhaled CO.sub.2 concentration.

[0065] Reference is now made to FIG. 3, which schematically illustrates part of a sampling member 200 (such as for example a nasal cannula as shown in FIG. 7 hereinbelow) having a NOM sensor 100 mounted on (or otherwise attached to) wall 205 thereof, according to some embodiments. NOM sensor 100 is configured to receive breath samples from the main breathing flow 210 flowing in sampling member 200. Thus, part of a patient's breathing flow enters from sampling member 200 to a bypass channel (such as bypass channel 125 illustrated in FIG. 2B) of NOM sensor 100 through inlets 120 and 130 in wall 205 of sampling member 200, for sampling by NOM sensor 100.

[0066] According to this embodiment, sampling member 200 further includes a restrictor 310 placed between inlets 120 and 130 and configured to increase the pressure drop in the main breathing flow of sampling member 200 and thus increasing air flow through bypass channel 125 (shown in FIG. 2B).

[0067] Reference is now made to FIG. 4, which illustrates a cross section of NOM sensor 100 along line A-A, shown in FIG. 2A, according to some embodiments. Due to a pressure drop between inlets 120 and 130 exhaled breath (illustrated by arrow 122) flows into bypass channel 125 of NOM sensor 100, as essentially described herein. Optical elements 102 and 104 are configured to guide light beams through MMI regions 108 and 109 (illustrated in FIG. 1) and through a nano-scale void 107 from opposite sides thereof (illustrated in FIG. 2C), thereby generating interference fringes. Optical fiber 104 is further configured to guide the light beam through bypass channel 125 prior to reaching the nano-scale void. Accordingly, CO.sub.2 present in the patient's breath flowing in bypass channel 125 may absorb light that reduces the intensity of the light beam passing there through and hence modifies the generated interference fringes.

[0068] Optionally, a thermal flow meter 410 and/or a heater 420 may be mounted in bypass channel 125 and are configured to measure the gas flow through bypass channel 125. The gas flow through bypass channel 125 is correlated with the flow 210 in sampling member 200, and as such is representative thereof.

[0069] Reference is now made to FIG. 5, which schematically illustrates an exploded cross section of the NOM sensor 100, as in FIG. 4, with a thermal flow meter 510 and a heater 520 attached to wall 205 thereof, according to some embodiments. Thermal flow meter 510 and heater 520 are thus configured to directly monitor the main breathing flow 210.

[0070] It is understood that the measurements of the total gas flow, either in bypass channel 125 (as in FIG. 4), or in main breathing flow 210 (as in FIG. 5), in addition to the measurement of the concentration of exhaled CO.sub.2 may be used to determine a CO.sub.2 volumetric flow rate parameter of breathing. The CO.sub.2 volumetric flow rate parameter as a function of time may be used to generate a capnogram.

[0071] Reference is now made to FIG. 6, which schematically illustrates a cross section of a NOM sensor (essentially similar to NOM sensor 100 of FIG. 2B) with a pneumatic flow meter 610 (differential pressure sensor), according to some embodiments. Pneumatic flow meter 610 is configured to measure the pressure drop between the inlets 120 and 130. NOM sensor 100 includes two bypass channels 125 and 135 fluidly connected to inlets 120 and 130. Bypass channel 135 is further connected to pneumatic flow meter 610. The, optionally simultaneous, measurements of the total gas flow in bypass channel 135 (indicative of total flow in sampling member 200), received from pneumatic flow meter 610, and the measurement of the concentration of exhaled CO.sub.2 obtained from NOM sensor 100, may be used to determine a CO.sub.2 volumetric flow rate parameter of breathing.

[0072] Reference is now made to FIG. 7, which schematically illustrates a nasal cannula system 700, according to some embodiments. Nasal cannula system 700 may include a central body comprising prongs 710 and 720, configured to be placed in a patients' nostrils (not shown). Two NOM sensors 100 may be mounted on the walls of prongs 710 and 720, respectively. NOM sensors 100 may thus enable measuring the concentration of exhaled CO.sub.2 in a spontaneously breathing non-intubated patient, taking advantage of the small size, small gas volume samples and energy consumption of the disclosed NOM sensor.

[0073] Reference is now made to FIG. 8, which schematically illustrates an oral-nasal cannula system 800, according to some embodiments. Cannula system 800 includes a central body comprising prongs 710 and 720, configured to be placed in a patients' nostrils (not shown) and an oral mouthpiece 810, wherein a third NOM sensor 100 is mounted on oral mouthpiece 810, and is configured to measure the concentration of orally exhaled CO.sub.2.

[0074] Cannula systems 700 and 800 may be utilized for monitoring the concentration of exhaled CO.sub.2 in spontaneously breathing non-intubated patients.

[0075] Reference is now made to FIG. 9, which schematically illustrates a flow chart of method 900 for measuring concentration of a component in a gas flow, according to some embodiments. Method 900 may include in stage 910: flowing a gas sample through a bypass channel to a nano-scale void of a nano-opto-mechanical (nom) sensor.

[0076] Method 900 may include in stage 920: guiding a first light beam through the nano-scale void from a first side thereof and in stage 930: guiding a second light beam through the nano-scale void from an opposing side thereof.

[0077] Method 900 may include in stage 940: determining the concentration of the measured component in the sampled gas based on the location of the nano-particle in the nano-scale void.

[0078] Method 900 may be used to measure intubated or non-intubated patients' exhaled/expired CO.sub.2 concentration.

[0079] Reference is now made to FIG. 10, which schematically illustrates a flow chart of a mechanical ventilation method 1000, according to some embodiments. Method 1000 may include in stage 1010: providing a mechanical ventilation system comprising a nasal cannula and at least one NOM sensor.

[0080] Method 1000 may include in stage 1020: providing a flow sensor and in stage 1030: determining a patient's exhaled CO.sub.2 volumetric flow rate parameter of breathing using the NOM sensor output and the total gas flow measurement.

[0081] Method 1000 may include in stage 1040: regulating mechanical ventilation parameters according to the generated patient's exhaled CO.sub.2 volumetric flow rate parameter. The regulating may include regulating oxygen flow rate, oxygen volume or pressure, oxygen injection synchrony with exhaled air timings and other mechanical ventilation system parameters.

[0082] While a number of exemplary aspects and embodiments have been discussed above, those of skill in the art will recognize certain modifications, permutations, additions and sub-combinations thereof. It is therefore intended that the following appended claims and claims hereafter introduced be interpreted to include all such modifications, permutations, additions and sub-combinations as are within their true spirit and scope.

[0083] In the description and claims of the application, each of the words “comprise” “include” and “have”, and forms thereof, are not necessarily limited to members in a list with which the words may be associated.