CONTACTLESS DRIVE THROUGH FACILITY HAVING AN ORDER MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
20210406797 · 2021-12-30
Inventors
- Vasile Gui (Timisoara, RO)
- Ciprian David (Timisoara, RO)
- Dan Alexandru Pescaru (Timisoara, RO)
- Alan O'Herlihy (Glenville, IE)
- Joe Allen (Ballybunion, IE)
Cpc classification
G06Q10/0832
PHYSICS
G06Q20/204
PHYSICS
G05B19/4155
PHYSICS
B65G17/20
PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
B65G2811/091
PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
B65G35/00
PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
G06Q30/0633
PHYSICS
B65G17/36
PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
International classification
G06Q10/06
PHYSICS
B65G17/20
PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
B65G17/36
PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
B65G35/00
PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
G05B19/4155
PHYSICS
Abstract
A contactless drive through facility includes a set of parking bays aligned substantially in parallel, wherein each parking bay is dimensioned to accommodate a customer vehicle therein. The drive through facility further includes first and second overhead wires traversing the set of parking bays, wherein the first and second overhead wires are spaced apart from each other. The drive through facility further includes a set of order processing units moveably suspended from the first overhead wire and a carrier member moveably suspended from the second overhead wire. The drive through facility further includes an order management system to operate each order processing unit for facilitating an order placing process and a payment process by corresponding customer vehicle. The order management system also operates the carrier member for moving a set of delivery containers fulfilling corresponding ones of one or more orders placed using the set of order processing units.
Claims
1. A contactless drive through facility comprising: a set of parking bays aligned substantially in parallel, wherein each parking bay is dimensioned to accommodate a customer vehicle therein; first and second overhead wires traversing the set of parking bays, wherein the first and second overhead wires are spaced apart from each other; a set of order processing units moveably suspended from the first overhead wire; a carrier member moveably suspended from the second overhead wire; and an order management system configured to operate: each order processing unit from the set of order processing units for facilitating an order placing process and a payment process by corresponding customer vehicle; and the carrier member for moving a set of delivery containers fulfilling corresponding ones of one or more orders placed using the set of order processing units.
2. The contactless drive through facility of claim 1, wherein the set of order processing units are suspended from the first overhead wire through a corresponding set of primary hanging wires, wherein the primary hanging wires are disposed in a spaced apart arrangement so that the order processing units are aligned with a driver, or passenger, side window of a corresponding customer vehicle parked in a respective parking bay.
3. The contactless drive through facility of claim 1, wherein each of the order processing units is provided with one or more video cameras, object recognition algorithms, and proximity sensors for detecting a presence of the customer vehicle in respective ones of the parking bays aligned with corresponding ones of the order processing units.
4. The contactless drive through facility of claim 1, wherein the order management system is disposed in communication with one or more electrical stepper motors associated with each of the first and second overhead wires and the carrier member, wherein the order management system is configured to move each of the first and second overhead wires and the carrier member for moving the set of order processing units and the set of delivery containers via the carrier member relative to the customer vehicles.
5. The contactless drive through facility of claim 4, wherein the second overhead wire extends between two electrical stepper motors disposed at two fixed locations spanning a combined width of the set of parking bays.
6. The contactless drive through facility of claim 5, wherein the second overhead wire includes a conveyor belt type of arrangement forming a loop between the two electrical stepper motors disposed at the two fixed locations spanning the combined width of the set of parking bays.
7. The contactless drive through facility of claim 5, wherein the second overhead wire is formed using a pair of non-looped open ended wire segments, and wherein the carrier member is provided with two electrical stepper motors such that ends of each non-looped open ended wire segment is arranged to couple one electrical stepper motor disposed at one of the two fixed locations and a proximal one of the electrical stepper motors on the carrier member.
8. The contactless drive through facility of claim 5, wherein the carrier member further comprises a plurality of electrical stepper motors in communication with the order management system and coupled with first ends of corresponding ones of secondary hanging wires, the order management system configured to operably actuate the electrical stepper motors for moveably adjusting a height of each delivery container from the set of delivery containers suspended from second ends of corresponding ones of the secondary hanging wires to align respective ones of the delivery containers with a driver, or passenger, side window of a corresponding customer vehicle parked in a respective parking bay.
9. The contactless drive through facility of claim 4, wherein each order processing unit includes a display unit and a contactless card reader that are coupled in communication with each other, and wherein the order management system is configured to operate: the display unit for facilitating the order placing process; and the contactless card reader for facilitating the payment process.
10. A method for providing and operating a drive through facility for ordering and retrieving goods in a contactless manner, the method comprising: providing a set of parking bays aligned substantially in parallel, wherein each parking bay is dimensioned to accommodate a customer vehicle therein; providing first and second overhead wires traversing the set of parking bays, wherein the first and second overhead wires are spaced apart from each other; providing a set of order processing units moveably suspended from the first overhead wire; providing a carrier member moveably suspended from the second overhead wire; and providing an order management system configured to operate: each order processing unit from the set of order processing units for facilitating an order placing process and a payment process by corresponding customer vehicle; and the carrier member for moving a set of delivery containers fulfilling corresponding ones of one or more orders placed using the set of order processing units.
11. The method of claim 10 further comprising: suspending the set of order processing units from the first overhead wire through a corresponding set of primary hanging wires, and disposing the primary hanging wires in a spaced apart arrangement so that the order processing units are aligned with a driver, or passenger, side window of a corresponding customer vehicle parked in a respective parking bay.
12. The method of claim 10 further comprising each of the order processing units with one or more video cameras, object recognition algorithms, and proximity sensors for detecting a presence of the customer vehicle in respective ones of the parking bays aligned with corresponding ones of the order processing units.
13. The method of claim 10 further comprising disposing the order management system in communication with one or more electrical stepper motors associated with each of the first and second overhead wires and the carrier member such that the order management system is configured to move each of the first and second overhead wires and the carrier member for moving the set of order processing units and the set of delivery containers via the carrier member relative to the customer vehicles.
14. The method of claim 13, wherein the second overhead wire extends between two electrical stepper motors disposed at two fixed locations spanning a combined width of the set of parking bays.
15. The method of claim 14 further comprising forming a loop between the two electrical stepper motors disposed at the two fixed locations spanning the combined width of the set of parking bays by embodying the second overhead wire as a conveyor belt type of arrangement.
16. The method of claim 14 further comprising: forming the second overhead wire using a pair of non-looped open ended wire segments, and providing the carrier member with two electrical stepper motors such that ends of each non-looped open ended wire segment is arranged to couple one electrical stepper motor disposed at one of the two fixed locations and a proximal one of the electrical stepper motors on the carrier member.
17. The method of claim 14 further comprising: providing a plurality of electrical stepper motors to the carrier member in communication with the order management system; and coupling rotors of the plurality of electrical stepper motors with first ends of corresponding ones of secondary hanging wires such that, in operation, the order management system is facilitated to operably actuate the electrical stepper motors for moveably adjusting a height of each delivery container from the set of delivery containers suspended from second ends of corresponding ones of the secondary hanging wires to align respective ones of the delivery containers with a driver, or passenger, side window of a corresponding customer vehicle parked in a respective parking bay.
18. The method of claim 13 further comprising: providing each order processing unit with a display unit and a contactless card reader that is coupled in communication with the display unit, and operating using the order management system: the display unit for facilitating the order placing process; and the contactless card reader for facilitating the payment process.
19. A non-transitory computer readable medium having stored thereon computer-executable instructions which, when executed by a processor, cause the processor to: detect a parking of a customer vehicle in a parking bay; detect a location, including elevation, of a driver, or passenger, side window of the customer vehicle with reference to identifiers of a video camera that captured an image frame of the customer vehicle and the location of the customer vehicle within the image frame; move an order processing unit to the driver, or passenger, side window of the customer vehicle based on the detected location; receive an order from an occupant of the customer vehicle by the order processing unit; request the occupant of the customer vehicle to make payment to the order processing unit for a calculated total bill for the received order; receive payment for the calculated total bill from the occupant of the customer vehicle by the order processing unit; transmit details of the received order from the order processing unit to an order management system for preparing one or more goods, or items, and deliver the one or more goods, or items, to a loading area; load a carrier member with the one or more goods, or items, corresponding to one or more received orders at the loading area; move the carrier member to a location of a closest customer vehicle from which one of the orders was received; lower the one or more goods, or items, using a delivery container corresponding to the received order to a driver, or passenger, side window of the customer vehicle; detect retrieval of the delivery container by the occupants of the closest customer vehicle; move the carrier member to a location of a subsequent customer vehicle from which a subsequent order was received; and return the carrier member to the loading area on delivering the delivery containers to each customer vehicle from which the subsequent order was received.
Description
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0009] The summary above, as well as the following detailed description of illustrative embodiments, is better understood when read in conjunction with the appended drawings. For the purpose of illustrating the present disclosure, exemplary constructions of the disclosure are shown in the drawings. However, the present disclosure is not limited to specific methods and instrumentalities disclosed herein. Moreover, those in the art will understand that the drawings are not to scale. Wherever possible, like elements have been indicated by identical numbers.
[0010]
[0011]
[0012]
[0013]
[0014]
[0015]
[0016] In the accompanying drawings, an underlined number is employed to represent an item over which the underlined number is positioned or an item to which the underlined number is adjacent. A non-underlined number relates to an item identified by a line linking the non-underlined number to the item. When a number is non-underlined and accompanied by an associated arrow, the non-underlined number is used to identify a general item at which the arrow is pointing.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENTS
[0017] The following detailed description illustrates embodiments of the present disclosure and ways in which they can be implemented. Although the best mode of carrying out the present disclosure has been disclosed, those skilled in the art would recognize that other embodiments for carrying out or practicing the present disclosure are also possible.
[0018]
[0019] Although, three parking bays are illustrated herein for brevity, it would be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art, that there may be more than three parking bays in one of many designated parking bay groups in the contactless drive through facility 100 (hereinafter referred to as the drive through facility 100). In addition, other designated parking bay groups may be similarly or dissimilarly oriented, for example, in an orientation angular, or perpendicular, to the designated parking bay group shown in the view of
[0020] The drive through facility 100 includes two overhead wires W.sub.1 and W.sub.2 traversing the parking bays 101. The two overhead wires W.sub.1 and W.sub.2 are spaced apart from each other. For sake of distinction, the overhead wire W.sub.1 will hereinafter be referred to as ‘the first overhead wire’ and denoted using identical reference ‘W.sub.1’. Similarly, the overhead wire W.sub.2 will hereinafter be referred to as ‘the second overhead wire’ and denoted using identical reference ‘W.sub.2’. The first and second overhead wires may be substantially co-planar in that they may be parallel to one another but lie in a single plane, i.e., the first and second overhead wires may be horizontally offset from one another, vertically offset from one another, or both in which the first and second overhead wires have a lateral distance between them but are also spaced apart to have different elevations from each other as shown in the diagrammatic front views of first and second embodiments of drive through facilities 200, 300 as shown in
[0021] The drive through facility 100 also includes a set of order processing units 104a, 104b, 104c moveably suspended from the first overhead wire W.sub.1. In an exemplary configuration shown in
[0022] The order management system 103 is configured to operate each order processing unit 104a, 104b and 104c from the set of order processing units 104 for facilitating an order placing process and a payment process by corresponding customer vehicle. Further, the order management system 103 is also configured to operate the carrier member 206/308 for moving a set of delivery containers fulfilling corresponding ones of one or more orders placed using the set of order processing units 104.
[0023] In an embodiment of the present disclosure, each of the order processing units 104 may include a display unit (not shown) and a contactless card reader (not shown) in communication with each other. The display unit and a contactless card reader may be physically separate but functionally linked units residing within, or on, each of the order processing units 104.
[0024] In the illustrated embodiment of
[0025] In accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure, as shown in
[0026] In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the rotor of the electrical stepper motor is coupled with a first end of each of the primary hanging wires 202 and is arranged so that at least a portion of each primary hanging wire 202 proximal to the first end is partly wrapped around the rotor. Each of the order processing units 104 is vertically movable between a first elevation 210a and a second elevation 210b through the activation of the electrical stepper motor to cause corresponding ones of the primary hanging wires 202 to be wound, or unwound, from the electric motor rotor, thereby shortening, or lengthening, corresponding ones of the primary hanging wires 202. In this way, the order processing units 104 may be raised or lowered to different heights i.e., elevation 210a to elevation 210b from a ground to suit heights of the driver, or passenger window, present in different types of customer vehicles 102, for example, a sedan, a jeep, a truck and other types of vehicles commonly known in the art. In an embodiment of the present disclosure, each of the order processing units 104 may be provided with one or more video cameras, object recognition algorithms, or proximity sensors to detect the presence of the customer vehicle in the parking bay 101 so that the order management system 103 may align the order processing units 104 with the customer, or passenger, side window of the corresponding customer vehicle 102.
[0027] In an example, upon detecting the presence of the first customer vehicle 102a using data received from its on-board cameras, the first order processing unit 104a is configured to be autonomously raised or lowered to achieve an elevation level with corresponding driver/passenger window. In this way, a display unit of the first order processing unit 104a is positioned at an appropriate height to allow the driver/passenger of the first customer vehicle 102a to view a menu of goods, or items, displayed on the display unit and select one or more goods, or items, therefrom for making, placing or establishing, the customer order. Upon receipt of the customer order, the first order processing unit 104a requests the customer to make contactless payment for the order through the contactless card reader in the first order processing unit 104a. The contactless card reader of the first order processing unit 104a is positioned at an appropriate height to allow a driver/passenger to present a payment card thereto and thereby enable payment to be made for ordered goods. Upon receipt of the customer order and payment, the details of the customer order together with an identifier of the first parking bay 101a are transmitted through a communications network to the order management system 103. The order management system 103 picks the one or more goods, or items, corresponding to the customer order from a repository, a kiosk, a restaurant, or a warehouse of the drive through facility 100, packs them into a corresponding one of the delivery containers D.sub.1, D.sub.2, or D.sub.3 and transports the packed container D.sub.1, D.sub.2, or D.sub.3 to a loading area 205.
[0028] The order management system 103 of the present disclosure may include one or more processors, micro-processors, controllers (for example, controller C as shown in
[0029] As disclosed earlier herein, the second overhead wire W.sub.2 is embodied in the conveyor belt type of arrangement wherein the second overhead wire W.sub.2 forms the loop between the two electrical stepper motors (not shown) disposed at two fixed locations (see
[0030] In an embodiment of the present disclosure, a carrier member 206 is fixed to the second overhead wire W.sub.2 by a gripping member 208, such that the rotation of the second overhead wire W.sub.2 around the rotors (not shown) causes the carrier member 206 to be transported to and from the first and second locations 203 and 204, stopping as necessary at areas overhead intervening parking bays to perform fulfilment of the orders via the delivery of the containers D.sub.1, D.sub.2 and D.sub.3 containing items, or goods, therein.
[0031] In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the carrier member 206 includes a plurality of electrical stepper motors (not shown) each of which comprises a rotor. Each rotor is coupled with a first end of a secondary hanging wire 212 and arranged so that at least a portion of the secondary hanging wire 212 proximal to the first end is partly wrapped around the rotor. The other end of the secondary hanging wire 212 is coupled with a corresponding delivery container, for instance, delivery container D.sub.3 that may, for example, correspond to an order placed via the order processing unit 103. Thus, in this manner, each of the delivery containers D.sub.1, D.sub.2 and D.sub.3 containing packed goods, or items, corresponding to the orders placed via order processing unit 103 may be effectively suspended from the carrier member 206 by corresponding secondary hanging wires 212.
[0032] Accordingly, in embodiments herein, the activation of an electrical stepper motor in the carrier member 206 causes the secondary hanging wire 212 coupled therewith to be further wound or unwound from the electrical stepper motor rotor, thereby shortening or lengthening the secondary hanging wire 212 to allow the delivery containers D.sub.1, D.sub.2 and D.sub.3 containing packed good(s), or item(s), corresponding to the orders from respective ones of the order processing units 104 to be raised, or lowered, from i.e., in relation to the carrier member 206, as required. Moreover, in an embodiment of the present disclosure, in the loading area 205, each of the delivery containers D.sub.1, D.sub.2 and D.sub.3 may be clipped onto, or otherwise coupled with, a corresponding one of the secondary hanging wires 212 suspended from the plurality of electrical stepper motors on the carrier member 206. When in transit between the loading area 205 and the customer vehicles 102, the secondary hanging wire 212 may be shortened to beneficially raise the delivery containers D.sub.1, D.sub.2, and D.sub.3 close to the carrier member 206 to minimize the risk of the delivery containers D.sub.1, D.sub.2, and D.sub.3 hitting obstacles en route to the passenger, or driver, side window of respective ones of the customer vehicles 102.
[0033] The carrier member 206 may move from the loading area 205 to the closest parking bay, for example, parking bay 101c from which an order was received, and stops at the customer vehicle 102c. The secondary hanging wire 212 is lengthened to the driver/passenger side window of the customer vehicle 102c until the delivery container D.sub.3 is sufficiently, lowered, so as to be retrieved easily by an occupant i.e., driver, or the passenger of the customer vehicle 102c. The carrier member 206 then moves to the next parking bay, for example, parking bay 101b from which another order was received, and lowers the delivery container D.sub.2 containing the items, or goods, corresponding to the order placed via the order processing unit 104b to the driver, or passenger, side window of the customer vehicle 102b until the container is retrieved by the occupant/customer i.e., driver/passenger of the customer vehicle 102b. In this way, the carrier member 206 moves to each parking bay from the set of parking bays 101 from which orders were received, to deliver the delivery containers, for example, containers D.sub.1, D.sub.2, D.sub.3 to respective ones of the customer vehicles 102. On completion of the route, the order management system 103 also configures the carrier member 206 to be returned to the loading area 205 to be loaded with subsequent group of delivery containers (not shown).
[0034] As disclosed earlier herein,
[0035]
[0036] As shown,
[0037] The controller C is coupled in communication to each of the first through N.sup.th i.e., M.sub.1 till M.sub.Nth motors and first through N.sup.th video sensors VS.sub.1 till VS.sub.Nth mounted on the carrier member, for instance, carrier member 308. In an example, to transport a package to a first customer, the controller C causes the carrier member 308 to be moved until an image received from a first video sensor VS.sub.1 located proximal to the order carrying windlass 402a for the first customer indicates that the carrier member 308 is aligned with the parking bay 101a in which the first customer vehicle 102a is parked, such that the order carrying windlass 402a is disposed proximal to the driver/passenger window of the first customer vehicle 101a. The controller C then activates a first motor M.sub.1 for the order carrying windlass 402 to cause the payload (i.e., Payload.sub.1) to descend to the first customer vehicle 101a.
[0038] In embodiments herein, video footage acquired by each of the video sensors, for example, the first video sensor VS.sub.1 is processed by an ML-driven algorithm for monitoring the transfer of the payload (i.e., Payload.sub.1) to the first customer. Once the payload has been retrieved by the first customer and the first customer is at safe distance from the hook (that previously carried the payload), the controller C in the order management system 103 activates the motor M.sub.1 to raise the hook. Once the hook has been raised to a safe elevation above the customer vehicle(s) 101, the carrier member 308 is ready to progress to the next customer and deliver the relevant payload thereto.
[0039] In embodiments of the present disclosure, functions of the order processing unit 104 and the carrier member 206/308 of the order management system 103 may be performed using one or more controllers, for example, using the controller C shown in
[0040]
[0041] As shown, at step 502, the method 500 includes providing the set of parking bays 101 aligned substantially in parallel, wherein each parking bay 101 is dimensioned to accommodate a customer vehicle 102 therein.
[0042] At step 504, the method 500 further includes providing first and second overhead wires W.sub.1, W.sub.2 traversing the set of parking bays 101, wherein the first and second overhead wires W.sub.1, W.sub.2 are spaced apart from each other.
[0043] At step 506, the method 500 further includes providing the set of order processing units 104 moveably suspended from the first overhead wire W.sub.1.
[0044] At step 508, the method 500 further includes providing the carrier member 406 moveably suspended from the second overhead wire W.sub.2.
[0045] At step 510, the method 500 further includes providing the order management system 103 that is configured to operate each order processing unit from the set of order processing units 104 for facilitating an order placing process and a payment process by occupants of a corresponding customer vehicle 102 and the carrier member 406 for moving the set of delivery containers for example, delivery containers D.sub.1, D.sub.2 and D.sub.3 for fulfilling corresponding ones of one or more orders placed using the set of order processing units 104.
[0046]
[0047] Referring to
[0048] In step 604, a location, including the elevation, of a driver window or a passenger window of the customer vehicle 102 is detected with reference to an identifier of a video camera which captured an image/video frame of the vehicle 102 and the location of the vehicle 102 within the image/video frame. The determination of the location may be determined by an object detector deep neural network such as the EfficientDet (as described in M. Tan, R. Pang and Q. V. Le, EfficientDet: Scalable and Efficient Object Detection, 2020 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) Seattle, Wash., USA, 2020, pp. 10778-10787) or by implementation of YOLOv4 (as described in A Bochkovskiy, C-Y Wang and H-Y M Liao, 2020 arXiv: 2004.10934). However, the skilled person will understand that these object detector deep neural network architectures are provided for example purposes only. In particular, the skilled person will understand that the method 500 of operating the drive through facility 100, 200, or 300 of the embodiments disclosed herein is not limited to implementation of these deep neural network architectures or the implementation of the exact order and type of steps disclosed in the low-level implementation 600 of the functions that are performed by the order processing unit 104 and the carrier member 406. In fact, on the contrary, the method 500 of operating the drive through facility 100, 200, or 300 is operable with any object detector architecture and/or training algorithm which is suitable for the detection, classification and localization of a vehicle in an image or video frame or concatenation of the same.
[0049] In step 606, the order processing unit 104 is moved to the determined location of the driver window or the passenger window of the customer vehicle 102.
[0050] In step 608, an order for good(s), or item(s), is received from the occupant(s) of the vehicle 102 by the order processing unit 104.
[0051] In step 610, the occupant(s) of the vehicle 102 are requested to make payment to the order processing unit 104 for a calculated total bill for the ordered good(s), or item(s).
[0052] In step 612, payment for the calculated total bill is received from the occupant(s) of the vehicle 102 by the order processing unit 104.
[0053] In step 614, the order processing unit 104 transmits details of the ordered good(s) via an order fulfilment operation (that is carried out by the order management system 103) to prepare, or otherwise assemble, the ordered good(s), or item(s) and deliver the ordered good(s) to the loading area 205.
[0054] In step 616, the carrier member 406 is loaded from the loading area 205 with delivery containers D.sub.1, D.sub.2, and D.sub.3 containing the ordered good(s), or item(s) corresponding to each of the received orders.
[0055] In step 618, the carrier member 406 is moved to a location of a closest customer vehicle, for example, customer vehicle 102c from where one of the orders was received.
[0056] In step 620, the delivery container D.sub.3 containing the ordered good(s), or item(s) of the corresponding received order are lowered to a driver/passenger window of the customer vehicle 102c.
[0057] In step 622, the retrieval of the ordered good(s), or item(s), by the occupants of the vehicle 102c is detected.
[0058] In step 624, the carrier member 206 is moved to the location of each vehicle from which another one of the orders was received. Steps 620 to 624 are repeated for each such customer vehicle 102 present in the parking bays 101. The order with which the carrier member 406 is moved to successive vehicles 102 from which an order was received may be determined by the respective distances of the vehicles 102 from the loading area 205.
[0059] In step 626, on delivering the ordered good(s) to each vehicle 102 from which an order was made, or placed, for the good(s), or item(s), the carrier member 206 is returned to the loading area 205.
[0060] In embodiments herein, functions corresponding to steps 602 to 626 may also reside on a non-transitory computer readable medium having computer-executable instructions stored thereon. These computer-executable instructions when executed by a processor, for example, the controller C of the order management system 103, can cause the processor to perform functions consistent with that of the low-level implementation 600 disclosed herein.
[0061] Modifications to embodiments of the present disclosure described in the foregoing are possible without departing from the scope of the present disclosure as defined by the accompanying claims. Expressions such as “including”, “comprising”, “incorporating”, “consisting of”, “have”, “is” used to describe and claim the present disclosure are intended to be construed in a non-exclusive manner, namely allowing for items, components or elements not explicitly described also to be present. Reference to the singular is also to be construed to relate to the plural.