SOLID SHAPED BODY AND USE OF THE SOLID SHAPED BODY

Abstract

The invention relates to a solid shaped body (1) having a cylindrical form with a first base area (3), a second base area (5) and a lateral area (7), wherein the solid shaped body (1) comprises a first number of flutes (9) in the lateral area (7), each extending from the first base area (3) to the second base area (5), and a second number of openings (11), each extending from the first base area (3) to the second base area (5), and wherein the second number of openings (11) is in a range from 2 to 8, the second number of openings (11) is larger than the first number of flutes (9) and wherein a ratio between a first radius (13) of at least one flute (9) and a second radius (15) of at least one opening (11) is at least 1.15. The invention further relates to a use of the solid shaped body (1).

Claims

1.-14. (canceled)

16. Solid shaped body (1) having a cylindrical form with a first base area (3), a second base area (5) and a lateral area (7), wherein the solid shaped body (1) comprises a first number of flutes (9) in the lateral area (7), each extending from the first base area (3) to the second base area (5), and a second number of openings (11), each extending from the first base area (3) to the second base area (5), and wherein the second number of openings (11) is in a range from 2 to 8, the second number of openings (11) is larger than the first number of flutes (9), wherein a ratio between a first radius (13) of at least one flute (9) and a second radius (15) of at least one opening (11) is at least 1.15 and wherein a ratio between the first radius (13) of the at least one flute (9) and the diameter (17) of the solid shaped body (1) is in a range from 0.15 to 0.40 and the solid shaped body possesses a basic shape of a circular cylinder.

17. Solid shaped body (1) according to claim 16, wherein the solid shaped body (1) comprises at least 3 flutes (9).

18. Solid shaped body (1) according to claim 16, wherein a ratio between a diameter (17) of the solid shaped body (1) and a height (19) of the solid shaped body (1) is in a range from 0.5 to 2.0.

19. Solid shaped body (1) according to claim 16, wherein the second number of openings (11) comprises one central opening (21) and at least one peripheral opening (23).

20. Solid shaped body (1) according to claim 19, wherein the at least one peripheral opening (23) has at least one third radius (25) and the at least one third radius (25) is equal for all of the at least one peripheral openings (23).

21. Solid shaped body (1) according to claim 19, wherein the central opening (21) has a fourth radius (27) and the forth radius (27) is smaller than the at least one third radius (25) of the at least one peripheral opening (23).

22. Solid shaped body (1) according to claim 19, wherein the first number of flutes (9) is equal to a third number of peripheral openings (23).

23. Solid shaped body (1) according to claim 19, wherein each of the at least one peripheral openings (23) is arranged between two flutes (9).

24. Solid shaped body (1) according to claim 19, wherein a ratio between a first distance (29) from a first center (31) of the central opening (21) to a second center (33) of the at least one peripheral opening (23) and the diameter (17) of the solid shaped body (1) is in a range from 0.20 to 0.40.

25. Solid shaped body (1) according to claim 16, wherein the first base area (3) and/or the second base area (5) are domed.

26. Solid shaped body (1) according to claim 25, wherein a ratio between a dome height (35) and the diameter (17) of the solid shaped body (1) is in a range from 0.05 to 0.40.

27. Solid shaped body (1) according to claim 16, wherein the solid shaped body (1) comprises a mixed oxide and the mixed oxide comprises oxygen, aluminum, nickel and at least one alkaline earth metal such as magnesium.

28. Solid shaped body (1) according to claim 16, wherein the solid shaped body (1) comprises a mixed oxide and the mixed oxide comprises oxygen, aluminum, cobalt and at least one rare earth metal such as lanthanum.

29. Use of the solid shaped body (1) according to claim 16 as a catalyst.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0081] The present invention is described in more detail at hand of the accompanying drawings, in which:

[0082] FIG. 1 shows a longitudinal section of a solid shaped body with a cylindrical form,

[0083] FIG. 2 shows a cross-section of a solid shaped body with a cylindrical form comprising openings and flutes,

[0084] FIGS. 3 to 5 show test set-ups for determination of side crushing strength,

[0085] FIGS. 6 and 7 show a perspective view and a cross-section, respectively, of a solid shaped body according to the state of the art,

[0086] FIG. 8 shows a perspective view of a further solid shaped body according to the state of the art,

[0087] FIG. 9 shows a side view of a solid shaped body of a first embodiment of a solid shaped body with a cylindrical form comprising four flutes and five openings,

[0088] FIG. 10 shows a top view of a solid shaped body of a first embodiment with a cylindrical form comprising four flutes and five openings,

[0089] FIGS. 11 to 14 show solid shaped bodies of the first embodiment with a cylindrical form comprising four flutes and five openings and

[0090] FIGS. 15 to 17 show solid shaped bodies of a second embodiment with a cylindrical form comprising three flutes and four openings.

[0091] FIG. 1 shows a longitudinal section of a solid shaped body 1 having a cylindrical form. The solid shaped body 1 comprises a first base area 3 and a second base area 5, which are connected by a lateral area 7. The lateral area 7 comprises a slit 6 and a pitch angle 8. In the illustrative embodiment of FIG. 1, the first base area 3 and the second base area 5 are domed with a dome height 35. The solid shaped body 1 has a height 19 and a diameter 17.

[0092] FIG. 2 shows a cross-section of a solid shaped body 1 having a cylindrical form and comprising three flutes 9 and four openings 11. The flutes 9 are located at the lateral surface 7 of the solid shaped body 1. Further, the flutes 9 and the openings 11 extend from the first base area 3 to the second base area 5 of the solid shaped body 1. The flutes 9 are arranged in equidistance to each other and have a first radius 13, which is larger than a second radius 15 of at least one opening 11.

[0093] The four openings 11 comprise one central opening 21 and three peripheral openings 23. Each peripheral opening 23 is arranged between two flutes 9 and vice versa. Two adjacent flutes 9 are separated from each other by a lobe 37. Thus, the solid shaped body 1 according to FIG. 2 comprises three lobes 37.

[0094] Each peripheral opening 23 is located in one of the lobes 37. The peripheral openings 23 have elliptic cross-sections and therefore two third radii 25. In the illustrative embodiment of FIG. 2, a tangential radius 39 is larger than a radial radius 41.

[0095] The central opening 21 has a fourth radius 27. Further, the central opening 21 has a first center 31, being located on a central axis 30 of the solid shaped body 1, and the peripheral openings 23 have second centers 33. A first distance 29 between the first center 31 of the solid shaped body 1 and the second center 33 of the peripheral openings 23 is represented as radius of a circle, on which the second centers 33 of the peripheral openings 23 are located.

[0096] In addition, a second distance 43 from the first center 31 of the central opening 21 to a third center 45 of flutes 9 is represented as radius of a circle, on which the third centers 45 of flutes 9 are located. Each third center 45 refers to a fictive circle, an arc of which is forming one of the flutes 9.

[0097] FIGS. 3 to 5 show three different test set-ups for determination of side crushing strength (SCS) of a solid shaped body 1 with three different positions of the solid shaped body 1 in a testing machine 47. According to FIG. 3 determination of a side crushing strength A is represented. Here, the sample solid shaped body 1 is in a test position standing on the flutes 9, which are aligned vertically. FIG. 4 illustrates determination of a side crushing strength B, wherein the sample solid shaped body 1 stands on the lobes 37 and is turn by 45° or 60° compared the set-up shown in FIG. 3. In case of an odd number of lobes the side crushing strength B corresponds to the side crushing strength A as each lobe is opposing one flute. According to FIG. 5, a side crushing strength C is determined and refers to a position where openings 11 of the solid shaped body 1 are orientated in parallel to the direction of the force applied on the sample solid shaped body 1 during the test by the testing machine 47.

[0098] FIG. 6 shows a perspective view of a solid shaped body 1 according to the state of the art and FIG. 7 shows a cross-section of the solid shaped body 1 according to FIG. 6. The solid shaped body 1 comprises four flutes 9 and four openings 11 extending from a first base area 3 through the solid shaped body 1.

[0099] FIG. 8 shows a perspective view of a further solid shaped body 1 according to the state of the art, which also comprises the same number of flutes 9 as openings 11.

[0100] FIGS. 9 to 14 show solid shaped bodies 1 of a first embodiment comprising four flutes 9 and five openings 11, of which one opening 11 is a central opening 21 and three openings 11 are peripheral openings 23.

[0101] FIG. 9 shows a side view of a solid shaped body 1 and FIG. 10 shows a top view of a solid shaped body 1 according to the first embodiment with a cylindrical form comprising four flutes 9 and five openings 11, respectively.

[0102] The solid shaped body 1 according to FIG. 10 has a diameter 17 of 16.5 mm and a height of 19 of 10 mm. The flutes 9 are characterized by a first radius 13 of 2.825 mm. In addition, each flute 9 possesses edges 49, which are rounded by an edge radius 51 of 0.8 mm. Further, the peripheral openings 23 have a third radius 25 of 1.25 mm, the central opening 21 has a fourth radius 27 of 1.5 mm and a first distance 29 between a first center 31 of the central opening 21 and second centers 33 of the peripheral openings 23 accounts to 4.9 mm. Two lines connecting the third centers 45 of two adjacent flutes 9 with the first center 31 of the central opening 21, respectively, enclose a flute angle 53 of 90°.

[0103] The solid shaped body 1 according to FIG. 11 corresponds to the solid shaped body 1 shown in FIG. 10. All openings 11 have a circular cross-section. First radii 13 of flutes 9 are larger than all second radii 15 of all openings 11. All peripheral openings 23 have only one third radius 25, which is equal for all peripheral openings 23 and smaller than a fourth radius 27 of the central opening 21.

[0104] In FIGS. 12 to 14, the peripheral openings 23 have an elliptic cross-section, wherein according to FIGS. 12 and 13, a tangential radius 39 is smaller than a radial radius 41.

[0105] According to FIGS. 12 and 13, the radial radius 41 is larger than the fourth radius 27 of the central opening 21. The fourth radius 27 of the central opening 21 is also smaller than the tangential radius 39 of the peripheral openings 23.

[0106] In contrast to FIGS. 12 and 13, the radial radius 41 is smaller than the tangential radius 39 according to the solid shaped body 1 shown in FIG. 14.

[0107] In FIGS. 15 to 17, solid shaped bodies 1 are represented possessing three flutes 9, three peripheral openings 23 and one central opening 21.

[0108] According to FIG. 15, all openings 11 have a circular cross-section. Third radii 25 of the peripheral openings 23 are larger than the fourth radius 27 of the central opening 21.

[0109] The peripheral openings 23 according to FIGS. 16 and 17 have elliptic cross-sections. In FIG. 16, the tangential radius 39 is larger than the radial radius 41 and according to FIG. 17, the radial radius 41 is larger than the tangential radius 39 of the peripheral openings 23. Further, the fourth radius 27 of the central opening 21 is smaller than all third radii 25 of the peripheral openings 23.

Examples and Comparative Examples

[0110] Dimensions of solid shaped bodies according to comparative examples 1.1, 1.2, 1.2.1 and 1.2.2 are summarized in table 1. The given reference numerals refer to FIGS. 1 and 2, respectively.

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Reference Comparative example No. numeral Unit 1.1 1.2 1.2.1 1.2.2 Diameter 17 mm 13.00 16.50 14.03 12.87 Second radius 15 mm 0.00 0.00 Height 19 mm 17.00 10.00 8.50 7.80 Dome height 35 mm 1.10 1.10 First radius 13 mm 1.50 2.05 Second distance 43 mm 6.50 8.25 First distance 29 mm 3.40 4.10 Tangential radius 39 mm 1.65 1.90 Radial radius 41 mm 1.65 1.90 First number — — 4 4

[0111] Dimensions of solid shaped bodies according to examples 2.1 to 2.4 and 3.1 to 3.3, as illustrated in FIGS. 11 to 17, are summarized in tables 2 and 3.

TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Reference numeral Unit 2.1 2.1.1 2.1.2 2.2 2.3 2.4 Diameter 17 mm 16.50 14.03 12.87 18.06 18.02 17.13 Second 15 mm 1.50 0.75 0.67 1.12 radius Height 19 mm 10.00 8.50 7.80 13.07 13.37 12.45 Dome 35 mm 1.10 3.64 3.13 2.56 height First 13 mm 2.83 5.78 5.78 3.25 radius Second 43 mm 8.25 12.30 12.93 9.81 distance First 29 mm 4.90 5.16 5.08 4.73 distance Tangential 39 mm 1.25 0.88 1.77 2.46 radius Radial 41 mm 1.25 2.86 2.86 1.59 radius First — — 4 4 4 4 4 4 number Slit 6 mm 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pitch 8 ° 0 0 0 0 0 0 angle

TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Reference numeral Unit 3.1 3.2 3.2.1 3.2.2 3.3 Diameter 17 mm 18.24 18.81 15.99 14.67 19.17 Second radius 15 mm 1.49 1.06 1.83 Height 19 mm 11.39 14.74 12.53 11.50 14.11 Dome height 35 mm 1.21 4.40 3.67 First radius 13 mm 3.38 6.97 3.14 Second distance 43 mm 9.61 14.30 9.85 First distance 29 mm 5.01 5.01 5.80 Tangential radius 39 mm 2.49 3.53 1.64 Radial radius 41 mm 2.13 2.23 2.77 First number — — 3 3 3 3 3 Slit 6 mm 0 0 0 0 0 Pitch angle 8 ° 0 0 0 0 0

[0112] For all examples and comparative examples the surface, volume and relative weight of the respective solid shaped body were calculated and are summarized in table 4. The volume indicates the volume, which is filled with material, thus the total outer volume of the solid shaped body subtracting an inner volume of the openings and flutes.

[0113] The geometric surface and geometric volume of each solid shaped body were determined from CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) simulations based on CAD (Computer Aided Design) models of each solid shaped body geometry.

TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Nb. Surface (m.sup.2) Volume (m.sup.3) Relative weight 1.1 1.53 .Math. 10.sup.−3 1.36 .Math. 10.sup.−6 1.07 1.2 1.19 .Math. 10.sup.−3 1.26 .Math. 10.sup.−6 1.00 1.2.1 0.86 .Math. 10.sup.−3 0.80 .Math. 10.sup.−6 0.63 1.2.2 0.72 .Math. 10.sup.−3 0.62 .Math. 10.sup.−6 0.49 2.1 1.13 .Math. 10.sup.−3 1.25 .Math. 10.sup.−6 0.99 2.1.1 0.82 .Math. 10.sup.−3 0.77 .Math. 10.sup.−6 0.61 2.1.2 0.69 .Math. 10.sup.−3 0.59 .Math. 10.sup.−6 0.47 2.2 1.52 .Math. 10.sup.−3 1.86 .Math. 10.sup.−6 1.47 2.3 1.57 .Math. 10.sup.−3 1.94 .Math. 10.sup.−6 1.54 2.4 1.50 .Math. 10.sup.−3 1.58 .Math. 10.sup.−6 1.25 3.1 1.52 .Math. 10.sup.−3 1.74 .Math. 10.sup.−6 1.38 3.2 1.71 .Math. 10.sup.−3 1.95 .Math. 10.sup.−6 1.55 3.2.1 1.24 .Math. 10.sup.−3 1.20 .Math. 10.sup.−6 0.95 3.2.2 1.04 .Math. 10.sup.−3 0.93 .Math. 10.sup.−6 0.73 3.3 1.72 .Math. 10.sup.−3 2.31 .Math. 10.sup.−6 1.83

[0114] Resulting properties of the solid shaped bodies are summarized in table 5, which represent calculated values.

[0115] The pressure drop for each solid shaped body geometry was calculated via numerical flow simulation, which describes the flow in spaces between solid shaped bodies of a bed of solid shaped bodies. The procedure comprised three consecutive steps. First, a CAD model of each solid shaped body was created. A tube with an internal diameter of a typical technical reactor of ca. 100 mm was assumed as an outer container comprising the bed of the solid shaped bodies. Both, the digital container geometry and the digital geometry of the solid shaped body, were fed into a simulation program which allowed to calculate the arrangement of the solid shaped bodies as filled into the container, using Newton's equations of motion.

[0116] Pressure drop calculations were performed with air at ambient temperature and at a superficial velocity of 1 m/s in a DN100 tube. Literature values for air at a constant operating pressure of 1 bar and a temperature of 20° C. were used for the thermodynamic and transport properties of the gas.

[0117] In order to calculate the side crush strength (SCS), also referred to as crushing strength, of each solid shaped body, a numerical method such as Finite Element Analysis was used to simulate a side crush strength test applying each CAD model of the solid shaped bodies, based on alumina.

[0118] For the minimum SCS per particle volume, the lowest of the determined crushing strengths was divided by the volume of the solid shaped body. The axial dispersion coefficient was calculated according to Levenspiel, The Chemical Reactor Omnibook, 4. Edition, Chapter 64, 1993 using “Small Deviation from Plug Flow”, wherein for an ideal plug flow reactor D.sub.ax.fwdarw.0.

TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 Crushing Crushing Minimum Relative Specific Axial strength strength SCS/particle packed Pressure surface dispersion A B volume bed drop area coefficient Nb. (N) (N) (N/m.sup.3) density (Pa/m) (m.sup.2/m.sup.3) (m.sup.2/s) 1.1 389 174 1.28 .Math. 10.sup.+8 0.94 851 423 1.55 .Math. 10.sup.−2 1.2 301 139 1.10 .Math. 10.sup.+8 1.00 816 371 1.18 .Math. 10.sup.−2 1.2.1 228 105 1.31 .Math. 10.sup.+8 1.02 949 452 1.02 .Math. 10.sup.−2 1.2.2 204 96 1.56 .Math. 10.sup.+8 1.01 975 486 1.23 .Math. 10.sup.−2 2.1 261 266 2.09 .Math. 10.sup.+8 1.02 822 374 1.16 .Math. 10.sup.−2 2.1.1 206 216 2.68 .Math. 10.sup.+8 1.03 1040 452 1.02 .Math. 10.sup.−2 2.1.2 173 185 2.91 .Math. 10.sup.+8 1.03 1191 491 1.02 .Math. 10.sup.−2 2.2 228 338 1.23 .Math. 10.sup.+8 1.05 762 352 1.45 .Math. 10.sup.−2 2.3 346 228 1.18 .Math. 10.sup.+8 0.91 581 343 1.61 .Math. 10.sup.−2 2.4 225 225 1.43 .Math. 10.sup.+8 0.93 653 364 1.50 .Math. 10.sup.−2 3.1 344 — 1.98 .Math. 10.sup.+8 0.92 600 328 1.51 .Math. 10.sup.−2 3.2 134 — 6.86 .Math. 10.sup.+7 0.88 460 315 1.83 .Math. 10.sup.−2 3.2.1. 106 — 8.83 .Math. 10.sup.+7 0.89 641 374 1.69 .Math. 10.sup.−2 3.2.2 90 — 9.70 .Math. 10.sup.+7 0.90 717 413 1.60 .Math. 10.sup.−2 3.3 146 — 6.33 .Math. 10.sup.+7 0.92 856 381 1.21 .Math. 10.sup.−2

[0119] Results according to table 5, which were derived from the modeled solid shaped bodies, show that the crushing strength B was improved at least over the comparative example of solid shaped body 1.2. The geometric form of example 2.1 led to an increased minimum crushing strength (SCS) per particle volume over the comparative example while maintaining a comparable pressure drop. For other examples such as 3.2 the pressure drop was significantly decreased and/or the axial dispersion coefficient was enhanced. Example 3.3 showed an improved specific surface area over comparative example 1.2.

[0120] Resulting properties of the solid shaped bodies were further studied at hand of 3D-printed representative solid shaped bodies prepared from CaSO.sub.4.

[0121] The 3D-printed solid shaped bodies were manufactured with a 3D-printer using a Z Corporation Spectrum Z510 model. The solid shaped bodies of a constant composition, also referred to as tablets, were made of a mixture comprising gypsum (CaSO.sub.4) using commercial VisiJet PXL Core by 4Dconcepts and a binder using commercial VisiJet PXL Binder by 4Dconcepts. During the 3D-printing process individual solid shaped bodies were not in contact with neighboring solid shaped bodies and all shaped bodies were oriented in such a way that the openings of the solid shaped bodies extended vertically through the shaped bodies. 3D-printing was carried out with a 3D-printing layer thickness of 0.1 mm. Typically, around 200 layers were applied to complete one solid shaped body and around 100 solid shaped bodies were 3D-printed in one experiment. After completing the 3D-printing process, the printed solid shaped bodies were allowed to stay for 1 h in the printing chamber and the build envelope, respectively. Afterwards the solid shaped bodies were removed individually by hand and cleaned from residual powder.

[0122] The 3D-printed solid shaped bodies were analyzed according to the following measurement methods. Results of the measurements are summarized in table 6. For comparative example 1.2 and example 2.1 three different sizes of the solid shaped body, respectively, were investigated. The respective solid shaped bodies were scaled down to different levels of shrinkage.

[0123] The side crush strength of the 3D-printed shaped bodies was determined experimentally using a commercial material testing machine of the type BZ2.5/TS1S from Zwick, which allowed testing of the mechanical properties according to DIN EN ISO 7500-1:2018-06. For each type of solid shape body, 10 individual solid shape bodies were investigated. The applied analysis method included a preload of 0.5 N and a preload velocity of 10 mm/min. Analysis velocity was 1.6 mm/min. The solid shaped bodies were tested, whereby three positions were investigated allowing determination of side crushing strength A, side crushing strength B and side crushing strength C, as illustrated in FIGS. 3 to 5.

[0124] The diameter and the height of the individual solid shaped bodies were determined by means of a caliper. The weight of the solid shaped bodies was determined by an analysis balance. Typically, 10 shaped bodies were analyzed and the average value was considered.

TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 6 Crushing Crushing Crushing Diameter Height Weight strength A strength B strength C Nb. (mm) (mm) (g) (N) (N) (N) 1.2 16.69 9.96 1.52 38 28 243 1.2.1 14.20 8.72 1.12 76 33 162 1.2.2 13.03 7.97 0.87 70 37 150 2.1 16.75 9.99 1.68 50 45 136 2.1.1 14.18 8.64 1.05 47 49 150 2.1.2 13.02 7.95 0.80 45 44 144 2.2 18.21 13.31 2.53 36 35 63 2.3 18.18 13.55 2.55 81 64 117 2.4 17.29 12.52 2.28 91 47 120 3.1 17.61 11.49 2.51 40 — 174 3.2 17.86 11.76 2.59 17 — 53 3.3 18.67 14.13 3.22 53 — 116

[0125] The analysis of the 3D-printed samples showed an improvement of at least one of the three tested side crushing strengths, wherein a second of the tested three side crushing strengths is at least comparable to the solid shaped body of the comparative example 1.2 of the respective size for the mechanically improved examples, whereas example 3.2 offered a high axial dispersion coefficient and low pressure drop as shown in table 5. Further, for examples 2.1.1 and 2.1.2 a difference between crushing strength A and crushing strength B was small leading to a higher minimum SCS/particle volume.

[0126] In addition, solid shaped bodies were formed from catalytic material and analyzed as presented in table 7.

[0127] 261.7 g of pulverulent nickel nitrate hexahydrate (Ni(NO.sub.3).sub.2*6H.sub.2O, purchased from Merck) were molten at about 100° C. and 400 g of pre-heated hydrotalcite powder (Pural MG30, purchased from Sasol), comprising 30 weight-% of MgO, were added stepwise during mixing. The preheating of the hydrotalcite powder was effectuated for 30 minutes at 130° C. in a convection oven. The obtained mixture comprising the nitrates salt and the hydrotalcite was allowed to cool down and subjected to a low temperature calcination in an air atmosphere, whereas the temperature was raises over three different temperature levels of 120° C., 180° C. and 280° C. to a target temperature of 425° C. The residence time for all temperature levels including the target temperature was 2 hours, respectively, and the heating rate was 2° C. per minute.

[0128] The product obtained from the low temperature calcination was mixed with 5 weight-%, referring to the mixture, of graphite supplied by Asbury as lubricant and pressed to tablets in a mechanical stamp press (XP1, purchased from Korsch) with a pressing force of 50 kN.

[0129] Subsequently, the tablets were subjected to a high temperature calcination at 950° C. in a muffle furnace in an air atmosphere for 4 hours to form the solid shaped bodies. The applied heating rate to reach 950° C. was 5° C. per minute. The stoichiometric composition of the resulting shaped bodies was Ni.sub.14Mg.sub.29Al.sub.57.

TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 7 Tab- Crush- Crush- Crush- leting ing ing ing press strength strength strength force Diameter Height Weight A B C Nb. (kN) (mm) (mm) (g) (N) (N) (N) 1.2 50 14.23 8.28 1.73 254 104 168 2.1 50 14.30 8.37 1.70 341 120 291

[0130] Made of the catalytic material, the produced solid shaped body of the inventive example 2.1 showed an improved crushing strength in all of the three variations of the test, compared to the solid shaped body according to the comparative example 1.2.

REFERENCE NUMERALS

[0131] 1 Solid shaped body [0132] 3 First base area [0133] 5 Second base area [0134] 6 Slit [0135] 7 Lateral area [0136] 8 Pitch angle [0137] 9 Flute [0138] 11 Opening [0139] 13 First radius [0140] 15 Second radius [0141] 17 Diameter of the solid shaped body 1 [0142] 19 Height of the solid shaped body 1 [0143] 21 Central opening [0144] 23 Peripheral opening [0145] 25 Third radius of peripheral opening 23 [0146] 27 Fourth radius of central opening 21 [0147] 29 First distance [0148] 30 Central axis of the solid shaped body 1 [0149] 31 First center of central opening 21 [0150] 33 Second center of peripheral opening 23 [0151] 35 Dome height [0152] 37 Lobe [0153] 39 Tangential radius [0154] 41 Radial radius [0155] 43 Second distance [0156] 45 Third center of flute 9 [0157] 47 Testing machine [0158] 49 Edge [0159] 51 Edge radius [0160] 53 Flute angle