SYSTEMS OF CENTRALIZED DATA EXCHANGE FOR MONITORING AND CONTROL OF BLOOD GLUCOSE

Abstract

A flexible system capable of utilizing data from different monitoring techniques and capable of providing assistance to patients with diabetes at several scalable levels, ranging from advice about long-term trends and prognosis to real-time automated closed-loop control (artificial pancreas). These scalable monitoring and treatment strategies are delivered by a unified system called the Diabetes Assistant (DiAs) platform. The system provides a foundation for implementation of various monitoring, advisory, and automated diabetes treatment algorithms or methods. The DiAs recommendations are tailored to the specifics of an individual patient, and to the patient risk assessment at any given moment. A central data exchange node or server collects patient data from individual DiAs devices and provides safety assurance, monitoring, telemedicine and database building for the DiAs system.

Claims

1. A system for managing glycemic control of a patient, comprising: a hub device configured to accept input data from one or more of a plurality of diverse blood glucose measurement devices and one or more of a plurality of diverse insulin delivery devices over a wireless communications connection; a user device configured to receive data from said hub device over a wired or wireless connection, and including a) a data classifier module configured to classify data accepted by said hub device and to determine appropriate processing of said input data according to its classification; b) a patient state estimation module configured to process input data in accordance with at least one data processing algorithm corresponding to the classification of the input data as determined by the data classifier module; c) a patient risk status module configured to determine a level of risk of said patient with respect to abnormal glycemic states using processed data from said patient state estimation module; d) an output module configured to output advisory messages, patient alerts, and control signals for said blood glucose measurement devices and said insulin delivery devices based on the level of risk determined by said patient risk status module; and e) a wireless communications connection to a central data exchange node arranged to collect patient data from a plurality of user devices and to provide monitoring of said user device.

Description

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE DRAWINGS

[0026] FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of the DiAs platform inputs and outputs according to an aspect of the invention;

[0027] FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of DiAs processes and services according to an aspect of the invention;

[0028] FIG. 3 is a block diagram of the DiAs system including applications and communication functions according to an embodiment of the invention;

[0029] FIG. 4 shows an example implementation of the DiAs system on a cell phone platform according to an embodiment of the invention;

[0030] FIG. 5 is a schematic illustration of an implementation of the DiAs system as a hub for a body sensor network;

[0031] FIG. 6 is a schematic block diagram of an example data processing system for implementation of the present invention in whole or in part; and

[0032] FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram showing another example implementation of the DiAs system on a central server over a network, enabling remote monitoring, safety assurance, telemedicine and database building to a further embodiment of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Overview

[0033] As shown in FIG. 5, a principal application of the DiAs system is the dynamic aggregation of body sensor network (BSN) data toward the goal of supporting long-term and efficient treatment of diabetes. DiAs is based on a wearable or handheld Diabetes Assistant platform that collects and pre-processes data from each individual's BSN, and uploads summary statistics to a remote location. The interface/algorithmic/methodology framework of DiAs: (i) ensures plug and play functionality with different metabolic sensors, (ii) allows for a general framework for prioritization of sensor data, making it clear how scarce computational, memory, and communication resources will be allocated to various sensing modalities, (iii) manages access to multiple uplink channels of varying reliability to a remote site, and (iv) resolves tradeoffs relating to where heavy computations should be performed (e.g., locally within the DiAs platform or remotely).

DiAs Inputs and Outputs

[0034] FIG. 1 presents the data sources available to the DiAs platform and the output services that DiAs provides. The data sources include SMBG, CGM, insulin delivery data (MDI and CSII), and other BSN data inputs such as heart rate, body accelerometer data, blood pressure, respiration, EKG data, etc. Depending on data availability (intermittent or continuous, blood glucose alone, or a multivariate data stream), DiAs provides different types of services that can be generally classified as: [0035] Local Services: Applications that run on a portable device (e.g. a cell phone or tablet computer) communicating with an array of self-SMBG monitoring and CGM devices, an array of insulin delivery devices, and with other sensors in a BSN. The local service of DiAs is equipped with intelligent processing to provide an array of patient services, including safety supervision, local alerts, patient advisory functions, and closed-loop control (described further below); [0036] Global Services: A centralized server communicating with multiple local services to provide different levels of data processing, advice, and training to patients; enable remote monitoring of glucose control profiles (e.g. parents monitoring remotely their children with diabetes); enable global alerts (e.g. a 911 call with GPS service to pinpoint a patient in need of emergency assistance), and to provide a physician-oriented information service presenting key data for multiple patients at a glance.

DiAs Processes

[0037] The general flow of DiAs processes is presented in FIG. 2 and includes the following steps: [0038] 1. Incoming data are directed to a Data Availability Classifier (DAC), which assesses the frequency, dimensionality, and quality of the incoming data. Based on the assessment, the DAC recommends different classes of data processing algorithms for the incoming data. Many of these algorithms already exist and are generally known, and can be classified as follows: [0039] SMBG: This is currently the most established algorithmic class, including methods for the retrieval of SMBG data, evaluation of glycemic control, estimation of the risk for hypoglycemia, and information displays. SMBG acquisition and processing methods are described in several U.S. patents and published patent applications (see references [79-85] incorporated herein by reference). A 5-year clinical trial testing a SMBG-based system in 120 people with T1DM was recently completed, resulting in improved glycemic control, reduction of the risk for severe hypoglycemia, and high patient approval rating (results published in [86]); [0040] CGM: Key elements applicable to these methods have been defined (references [87-92]). These methods are currently under development and testing in a large NIH-funded research project (Grant RO1 DK 085623, Principal Investigator Dr. Boris Kovatchev); [0041] CGM+insulin pump: Most of the methods applicable to CGM alone have extensions capable of dealing with input/output to/from an insulin pump. We have recently completed an extensive series of clinical trials of closed-loop control to date. [0042] Other: Heart rate changes can be used to indicate periods of physical activity, and more specifically periods of increased insulin sensitivity associated with exercise. These data inform diabetes control at several levels, including risk assessment for hypoglycemia and closed-loop control [93,94]. [0043] 2. The first step of data processing is Patient State Estimation, given available data and using one of the methods described above. The state estimation results in assessment of the patient's risk status, which can be based on the risk analysis metrics presented in the background discussion above, and on biosystem observers or sensors, which process physiologic (and possibly behavioral) data to produce quantitative biosystem state estimators.

[0044] These algorithms or methods are based on underlying mathematical models of the human metabolism and a Kalman filter, which produces system state estimation. Each system state estimator is a physiological or behavioral parameter of importance to the functioning of a person. The ensemble (vector) of biosystem estimators for a particular person represents the status of this person in terms of the blood glucose trend, availability of insulin, and risk for hypoglycemia. In essence, biosystem observers personalize the metabolic observation to a specific subject and extract composite information from the vast array of raw data that allows the precise evaluation of the subject's condition. It is anticipated that the biosystem observers will reside within a wearable DiAs system, while their summarized output will be sent to both the local predictive and control algorithms or methods and to remote observers as follows: [0045] The primary output from the Patient State Estimation will be assessment of the patient's risk status for hypo- or hyperglycemia, based on the risk analysis and the LBGI/HBGI presented above. If the data quality and density is adequate for the risk status of the patient (e.g. the patient is in a steady state performing regular SMBG resulting in LBGI and HBGI lower than certain preset thresholds), then DiAs refers the data to algorithms that maintain the current patient status or fine-tune the patient's glycemic control. These algorithms can work in either an advisory or automated (closed-loop control) mode as follows: [0046] In advisory mode, DiAs activates the following services modules: [0047] Advisory Module 1: Prediction of elevated risk for hypoglycemia (24 hours ahead); [0048] Advisory Module 2: Bolus calculator suggesting pre-meal insulin doses; [0049] Advisory Module 3: Suggestion of basal rate profiles for the next 24 hours. [0050] In closed-loop control mode, DiAs activates the following service modules: [0051] Control Module 1: Real-time detection and prevention of hypoglycemia; [0052] Control Module 2: Stochastic control of pre-meal insulin boluses, and [0053] Control Module 3: Deterministic control of basal rate and overnight steady state. [0054] If the data quality and density is inadequate for the risk status of the patient (e.g. the patient is at high risk for hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, or both as indicated by the LBGI and HBGI exceeding certain preset thresholds), then: [0055] In advisory mode, DiAs recommends enhanced monitoring (e.g. more frequent SMBG or switching to CGM for a certain period of time); [0056] In automated control mode, DiAs switches the monitoring device to higher frequency SMBG measurement or to CGM mode (Note: such flexible monitoring devices are not currently manufactured, but are anticipated to be available in the future).

[0057] FIG. 3 presents a detailed schematic of the DiAs architecture: [0058] Central to this architecture is the Biometric State Estimator, which is the hub for exchange of data between the DiAs monitoring devices and algorithmic services or related methods. The Biometric State Estimator may also exchange data with remote physicians and/or patient care centers over the Internet through a network interface; [0059] The inputs used for state estimation are provided by various peripheral devices that monitor blood glucose fluctuations (SMBG Service, CGM Service), execute insulin delivery (Pump Service), or monitor other physiological parameters (Heart Rate Service, Esc. Service) as shown in FIG. 3; [0060] In turn, the Biometric State Estimator provides feedback to these devices as determined by a Safety Service, which assesses the integrity of the received data and judges whether the peripheral input/output devices are functioning properly. Methods employed by the Safety Service include previously introduced detection of CGM sensor errors [91] or judging the safety of insulin delivery [92]; [0061] DiAs Applications may include various advisory and/or control algorithms, system and patient state alarms and indicators. These applications may be external to the DiAs system, and may be developed by third parties. Such applications may use DiAs services provided that they comply with the data exchange standards of the system. For example, a Hyperglycemia Mitigation Service (HMS) is a closed-loop control algorithm or method included in one of the embodiments of DiAs;

[0062] The user interface with the DiAs system can be custom designed to meet the needs of specific DiAs implementations. One such implementation of a user interface is shown in FIG. 4: [0063] Two “traffic lights” signify the patient's present risk status for hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia, respectively, indicating low risk (green light), moderate risk/system action to mitigate the risk (yellow light) and high risk/necessity for immediate human intervention (red light); [0064] Several system/patient status inquiry icons open additional interfaces allowing the patient to access graphical and numerical representation of his/her glucose control, or inform the system of events (such as carbohydrate intake or exercise), which are treated as additional inputs by the DiAs analytical system; [0065] Network service (described in the next section) ensures remote monitoring and transmission of alerts and critical information in high-risk states.

Implementation of DiAs

[0066] FIG. 5 shows two major components of a DiAs implementation as a Body Sensor Network: [0067] Local Services (within the wearable/portable DiAs device) use predictive and control algorithms or methods based on simplified models of the human metabolic system that are trackable in real time. These are simple, typically linearized macro-level models that focus only on the principal system components. One example of such a model is the classic Minimal Model of Glucose Kinetics developed 30 years ago [95]. Available algorithms or methods include assessment, prediction, and control of glucose fluctuations in diabetes: [0068] Risk analysis of metabolic state with respect to normative limits; [0069] Detection of abrupt system changes, i.e. transitions of the system (person) from a stable to a critical state; [0070] Prediction of trends and gradual system changes, and outcome evaluation; [0071] Estimation of the probability for abrupt critical transitions; [0072] Warnings, alarms, and advisory messages when critical thresholds are approached; [0073] Automated intervention to prevent critical events; [0074] Communication to remote location and global algorithms or methods.

[0075] As shown in FIG. 5, a portable DiAs device (such as shown in FIG. 4) is communicatively connected (e.g. wirelessly through a wireless communication protocol such as Bluetooth, IEEE 802.11, etc.) to a plurality of BSN sensors, such as an ICP sensor, ECG sensor, blood pressure sensor, pulse oximetry sensor, inertial sensor, EMG sensor, artificial pancreas sensor, etc. Additionally, the DiAs device may have an interface to accept SMBG data. [0076] Global services rely on predictive and control algorithms or methods deployed at a central location and receiving information from an array of individual system observers. These algorithms or methods will be based on large-scale probability models, risk analysis, clustering, and discriminant algorithms or methods. The output of these algorithms or methods will allow: [0077] The monitoring of vital signs and metabolic processes by health care providers; [0078] The detection of critical cases that require immediate intervention; [0079] Collection of population-level anonymous public health statistics of interest to health care organizations. [0080] Software/Hardware Implementation: Central to DiAs is a scalable software stack with a modular design that can be efficiently adapted to a variety of hardware platforms. The software architecture, the availability of suitable hardware platforms and opportunities to transfer software modules to commercial partners will factor into the choice of DiAs operating systems. For clinical trials and ambulatory implementation, hardware is needed that is portable, rugged, reliable, inexpensive and easily available. In this regard, a cell phone or a tablet computer could be selected. Consequently, the DiAs system may run within a customized version of the Android operating system. Android has a robust development environment, is available with source code, is backed by Google and runs on an ever-increasing array of cell phones and tablets from a variety of manufacturers. Android is being adopted by many commercial developers for new embedded software projects. Although many current products with embedded control software either have no operating system at all or use a simple control loop the trend is towards basing new embedded software projects on Android and embedded Linux. Since Android is built on top of Linux, an Android-based operating system for DiAs would allow transfer of software code to industry partners for commercial use. Android also provides a rich software development kit that supports multi-touch graphical user interface design, data communications, geo-location and telephony. Specifically: [0081] At the highest level the AAPP Software Stack is composed of three major functional blocks: Device I/O Services, Core Services, and Control. As described above, FIG. 3 presents a diagram of the software stack depicting these blocks. [0082] Device I/O Services handles all communication with sensors, pumps and other devices and provides a data interface to other elements of the system. The Device I/O modules store SMBG, CGM, and delivered insulin data and provide it to other components upon request. [0083] Device I/O modules also implement a sensor and pump command service that validates and delivers commands received from the Safety Service. [0084] Core Services is responsible for providing a runtime environment for applications such as the Closed-Loop Control App or the User Advice App and for supervising their operation. It generates state estimates based upon available data and provides this data to applications upon request. [0085] Safety Service screens insulin bolus commands for safety before delivering them to the pump module and monitors the functioning of I/O devices detecting errors and potentially unsafe deviations.

[0086] While a preferred operating system has been discussed above, it will be recognized by those skilled in the art that the DiAs system may be implemented using any operating system that has features necessary to implement the DiAs system as contemplated above.

[0087] FIG. 7 shows a further example embodiment of a DiAs system in accordance with the invention. According to this embodiment, local patient functions including a user interface and control algorithms as disclosed above are performed on a smart-phone platform 701. Additionally, the smart-phone 701 connects to a central server or data exchange node 708 via a wireless connection 702 (e.g., a Wi-Fi, 3G or other similar wireless network connection). In a preferred embodiment, the connection 702 is a one-way connection from the smart-phone 701 to the central node or server, i.e. the central node or server does not transmit any substantive content to the smart-phone 701.

[0088] The smart-phone 701 sends patient data from the DiAs system user interface and control application(s) running on the smart-phone to the central node or server over the wireless network connection 702. The data from a plurality of smart-phones 701 each provided to an individual patient are collected by the central server 708 and used for safety assurance, monitoring, telemedicine and database building purposes.

[0089] The smart-phone 701 further has a communications connection 703 (either wired or wireless) to a DiAs hub device 704. Hub 704 is a meter-based platform that connects via one or more wireless connections 705 to a number of peripheral devices 706, for example, an insulin pump, a continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) device, etc. Hub 704 functions to ensure proper inter-device connection between the peripheral devices 706 and the smart-phone 701 running the DiAs local applications. Meter-based Hub 704 further functions to confirm SMBG readings from the peripheral devices 706.

[0090] In a preferred example embodiment, the smart-phone 701 and DiAs hub 704 run an operating system (OS) such as Android or other equivalent OS modified to meet medical application requirements, such as may be mandated by relevant authorities such as the FDA.

[0091] Turning now to FIG. 6, a functional block diagram is shown for a computer system 600 for exemplary implementation of an embodiment or portion of an embodiment of the present invention. For example, a method or system of an embodiment of the present invention may be implemented using hardware, software or a combination thereof and may be implemented in one or more computer systems or other processing systems, such as personal digit assistants (PDAs) equipped with adequate memory and processing capabilities. In an example embodiment, the invention was implemented in software running on a general purpose computer 600 as illustrated in FIG. 6. The computer system 600 may includes one or more processors, such as processor 604. The Processor 604 is connected to a communication infrastructure 606 (e.g., a communications bus, cross-over bar, or network). The computer system 600 may include a display interface 602 that forwards graphics, text, and/or other data from the communication infrastructure 606 (or from a frame buffer not shown) for display on the display unit 630. Display unit 630 may be digital and/or analog.

[0092] The computer system 600 may also include a main memory 608, preferably random access memory (RAM), and may also include a secondary memory 610. The secondary memory 610 may include, for example, a hard disk drive 612 and/or a removable storage drive 614, representing a floppy disk drive, a magnetic tape drive, an optical disk drive, a flash memory, etc. The removable storage drive 614 reads from and/or writes to a removable storage unit 618 in a well known manner. Removable storage unit 618, represents a floppy disk, magnetic tape, optical disk, etc. which is read by and written to by removable storage drive 614. As will be appreciated, the removable storage unit 618 includes a computer usable storage medium having stored therein computer software and/or data.

[0093] In alternative embodiments, secondary memory 610 may include other means for allowing computer programs or other instructions to be loaded into computer system 600. Such means may include, for example, a removable storage unit 622 and an interface 620. Examples of such removable storage units/interfaces include a program cartridge and cartridge interface (such as that found in video game devices), a removable memory chip (such as a ROM, PROM, EPROM or EEPROM) and associated socket, and other removable storage units 622 and interfaces 620 which allow software and data to be transferred from the removable storage unit 622 to computer system 600.

[0094] The computer system 600 may also include a communications interface 624. Communications interface 124 allows software and data to be transferred between computer system 600 and external devices. Examples of communications interface 624 may include a modem, a network interface (such as an Ethernet card), a communications port (e.g., serial or parallel, etc.), a PCMCIA slot and card, a modem, etc. Software and data transferred via communications interface 624 are in the form of signals 628 which may be electronic, electromagnetic, optical or other signals capable of being received by communications interface 624. Signals 628 are provided to communications interface 624 via a communications path (i.e., channel) 626. Channel 626 (or any other communication means or channel disclosed herein) carries signals 628 and may be implemented using wire or cable, fiber optics, blue tooth, a phone line, a cellular phone link, an RF link, an infrared link, wireless link or connection and other communications channels.

[0095] In this document, the terms “computer program medium” and “computer usable medium” are used to generally refer to media or medium such as various software, firmware, disks, drives, removable storage drive 614, a hard disk installed in hard disk drive 612, and signals 628. These computer program products (“computer program medium” and “computer usable medium”) are means for providing software to computer system 600. The computer program product may comprise a computer useable medium having computer program logic thereon. The invention includes such computer program products. The “computer program product” and “computer useable medium” may be any computer readable medium having computer logic thereon.

[0096] Computer programs (also called computer control logic or computer program logic) are may be stored in main memory 608 and/or secondary memory 610. Computer programs may also be received via communications interface 624. Such computer programs, when executed, enable computer system 600 to perform the features of the present invention as discussed herein. In particular, the computer programs, when executed, enable processor 604 to perform the functions of the present invention. Accordingly, such computer programs represent controllers of computer system 600.

[0097] In an embodiment where the invention is implemented using software, the software may be stored in a computer program product and loaded into computer system 600 using removable storage drive 614, hard drive 612 or communications interface 624. The control logic (software or computer program logic), when executed by the processor 604, causes the processor 604 to perform the functions of the invention as described herein.

[0098] In another embodiment, the invention is implemented primarily in hardware using, for example, hardware components such as application specific integrated circuits (ASICs). Implementation of the hardware state machine to perform the functions described herein will be apparent to persons skilled in the relevant art(s).

[0099] In yet another embodiment, the invention is implemented using a combination of both hardware and software.

[0100] In an example software embodiment of the invention, the methods described above may be implemented in SPSS control language or C++ programming language, but could be implemented in other various programs, computer simulation and computer-aided design, computer simulation environment, MATLAB, or any other software platform or program, windows interface or operating system (or other operating system) or other programs known or available to those skilled in the art.

REFERENCES

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