SYSTEMS AND METHOD FOR IDENTIFYING THE NEED FOR MEASUREMENT OF CARDIAC OUTPUT

Abstract

The present invention relates to a decision support system (DSS), a medical monitoring system (100), and a corresponding method for identifying the need for measurement of cardiac output (CO) based on one or more comparisons (COMP1, COMP2) in a physiological model. More specifically, for identifying when an approximated value of CO cannot be correct due to circulatory compromise and as such that another estimated or measured value of CO is required.

Claims

1-22. (canceled)

23. A decision support system (DSS) for providing medical decision support for cardiac output (CO) measurements in connection with an associated patient (P) using one or more physiological models (MOD1) implemented on a computer system, the computer system being arranged for: receiving first data (D1) indicative of a relative arterial oxygenation (SaO2, SpO2) in the blood of the patient; receiving second data (D2) indicative of a haemoglobin concentration (Hb) in the blood of the patient; the decision support system being arranged for: applying the physiological model(s) (MOD1) of the patient using said first data (D1) and said second data (D2) for modelling a tissue metabolism in the patient; A) i. outputting from said physiological model(s) (MOD1), using a preliminary value for a cardiac output (CO_PREL), an estimated measure indicative of haemoglobin oxygen saturation in the mixed venous blood of the patient (SvO2_EST); and ii. performing a first comparison (COMP1) of said estimated measure indicative of the haemoglobin oxygen saturation in the mixed venous blood of the patient (SvO2_EST) with a reference value for the haemoglobin oxygen saturation in the mixed venous blood of the patient (SvO2_REF); and/or B) iii. outputting from said physiological model(s) (MOD1), using a reference value for the haemoglobin oxygen saturation in the mixed venous blood of the patient (SvO2_REF), an estimated value indicative of the cardiac output (CO_EST) in the patient; and iv. performing a second comparison (COMP2) of said estimated value indicative for the cardiac output (CO_EST) with a reference value for the cardiac output (CO_REF) in patient; and based on said first comparison (COMP1, step ii of A) and/or said second comparison (COMP2, step iv of B) generating a measure (NM_CO) indicative of the need for an improved measurement and/or estimation of the cardiac output (CO).

24. The decision support system (DSS) according to claim 23, the computer system being further arranged for receiving third data (D3) indicative of an oxygen partial pressure in the arterial blood (PaO2) of the patient.

25. The decision support system (DSS) according to claim 23, the computer system being further arranged for receiving fourth data (D4) indicative of a rate of oxygen consumption (V O_2) of the patient.

26. The decision support system (DSS) according to claim 25, further arranged for applying the physiological model(s) (MOD1) of the patient using said third data (D3) and/or said fourth data (D4) for modelling the tissue metabolism in the patient.

27. The decision support system (DSS) according to claim 23, wherein said preliminary value for the cardiac output (CO_PREL) is a value representative for a specific patient (P1), dependent on age, gender, weight, and/or one, or more, clinical conditions having an impact on the cardiac output (CO).

28. The decision support system (DSS) according to claim 23, wherein said first comparison (COMP1) comprises an evaluation of whether or not the said estimated measure indicative of the haemoglobin oxygen saturation in the mixed venous blood of the specific patient (SvO2_EST) is physiologically possible, and more preferably said first comparison (COMP1) comprises an evaluation of whether or not the said estimated measure indicative of the haemoglobin oxygen saturation in the mixed venous blood of the patient (SvO2_EST) is physiologically probable in view of the age, gender, weight, and/or one, or more, clinical conditions having an impact on the cardiac output (CO), and/or on the received fourth data (D4, V O_2).

29. The decision support system (DSS) according to claim 23, wherein the said reference value for the haemoglobin oxygen saturation in the mixed venous blood of the patient (SvO2_REF, iii) is a minimum value, of 40% or 60%, or of 50%.

30. The decision support system (DSS) according to claim 23, wherein the said reference value for the haemoglobin oxygen saturation in the mixed venous blood of the specific patient (SvO2_REF, iii) is a value dependent on age, gender, weight, and/or one, or more, clinical conditions having an impact on the cardiac output (CO), and/or on the received fourth data (D4, V O_2).

31. The decision support system (DSS) according to claim 30, wherein said second comparison (COMP2) comprises an evaluation of whether or not said estimated value indicative for the cardiac output (CO_EST) of the specific patient is physiologically possible, and more preferably said second comparison (COMP2) comprises an evaluation of whether or not the said estimated value indicative for the cardiac output (CO_EST) is physiologically probable in view of the age, gender, weight, and/or one, or more, clinical conditions having an impact on the estimated cardiac output (CO_EST).

32. The decision support system (DSS) according to claim 23, wherein said measure (NM_CO) indicative of the need for an improved measurement and/or estimation of the cardiac output (CO) is a quantitative measure, the quantitative measure being a number indicating the need for an improved measurement and/or estimation of the cardiac output (CO), or an qualitative measure.

33. The decision support system (DSS) according to claim 23, wherein the first data (D1) and/or the third data (D3) is based, wholly or partly, on a second physiological model (MOD2) of the acid-base system of the blood of the patient and/or of the interstitial fluid of the patient.

34. The decision support system (DSS) according to claim 33, wherein the second physiological model (MOD2) receives data from a third physiological model (MOD3) of the pulmonary gas exchange, the third physiological model (MOD3) receiving data from ventilation measurements of the patient (P).

35. The decision support system (DSS) according to claim 23, wherein the first data (D1), the second data (D2), the third data (D3) and/or the third data (D4) is additionally based, wholly or partly, on, one or more, physiological models representing respiratory drive of patient and/or the lung mechanics of the patient.

36. A medical monitoring system capable of providing medical decision support for cardiac output (CO) measurements in connection with an associated patient (P,1) using one or more physiological models (MOD1) implemented on a computer system, the computer system being arranged for: providing first data (D1) indicative of a relative arterial oxygenation (SaO2, SpO2) in the blood of the patient, by corresponding first measurement means (M1); providing second data (D2) indicative of a haemoglobin concentration (Hb) in the blood of the patient, by corresponding second measurement means (M2); the medical monitoring system being arranged for: applying the physiological model(s) (MOD1) of the patient using said first data (D1) and said second data (D2) for modelling a tissue metabolism in the patient; A) i. outputting from said physiological model (MOD1), using a preliminary value for the cardiac output (CO_PREL), an estimated measure indicative of the haemoglobin oxygen saturation in the mixed venous blood of the patient (SvO2_EST); and ii. performing a first comparison (COMP1) of said estimated measure indicative of the haemoglobin oxygen saturation in the mixed venous blood of the patient (SvO2_EST) with a reference value for the haemoglobin oxygen saturation in the mixed venous blood of the patient (SvO2_REF); and/or B) iii. outputting from said physiological model (MOD1), using a reference value for the haemoglobin oxygen saturation in the mixed venous blood of the patient (SvO2_REF), an estimated value indicative of the cardiac output (CO_EST) in the patient; and iv. performing a second comparison (COMP2) of said estimated value indicative for the cardiac output (CO_EST) with a reference value for the cardiac output (CO_REF) in patient; and based on said first comparison (COMP1, step ii of A) and/or said second comparison (COMP2, step iv of B) generating a measure (NM_CO) indicative of the need for an improved measurement and/or estimation of the cardiac output (CO).

37. The medical monitoring system according to claim 36, the computer system being further arranged for providing third data (D3) indicative of an oxygen partial pressure in the arterial blood (PaO2) of the patient, by corresponding third measurement means (M3).

38. The medical monitoring system according to claim 37, the computer system being further arranged for providing fourth data (D4) indicative of a rate of oxygen consumption (V O_2) of the patient, by corresponding fourth measurement means (M4).

39. The medical monitoring system according to claim 38, further arranged for applying the physiological model(s) (MOD1) of the patient using said third data (D3) and/or said fourth data (D4) for modelling the tissue metabolism in the patient.

40. A method for providing medical decision support for cardiac output (CO) measurements in connection with a patient (P,1) using one or more physiological models (MOD1) implemented on a computer system, the computer system being arranged for: receiving first data (D1) indicative of a relative arterial oxygenation (SaO2, SpO2) in the blood of the patient; receiving second data indicative of a haemoglobin concentration (Hb) in the blood of the patient; the method comprising the steps of: applying the physiological model(s) (MOD1) of the patient using said first data (D1), said second data (D2) for modelling a tissue metabolism in the patient; A) i. outputting from said physiological model (MOD1), using a preliminary value for the cardiac output (CO_PREL), an estimated measure indicative of the haemoglobin oxygen saturation in the mixed venous blood of the patient (SvO2_EST); and ii. performing a first comparison (COMP1) of said estimated measure indicative of the haemoglobin oxygen saturation in the mixed venous blood of the patient (SvO2_EST) with a reference value for the haemoglobin oxygen saturation in the mixed venous blood of the patient (SvO2_REF); and/or B) iii. outputting from said physiological model (MOD1), using a reference value for the haemoglobin oxygen saturation in the mixed venous blood of the patient (SvO2_REF), an estimated value indicative of the cardiac output (CO_EST) in the patient; and iv. performing a second comparison (COMP2) of said estimated value indicative for the cardiac output (CO_EST) with a reference value for the cardiac output (CO_REF) in the patient; and generating a measure (NM_CO) indicative of the need for an improved measurement and/or estimation of the cardiac output (CO) based on said first comparison (COMP1, step ii of A) and/or said second comparison (COMP2, step iv of B).

41. The method according to claim 40, the computer system being further arranged for receiving third data (D3) indicative of an oxygen partial pressure in the arterial blood (PaO2) of the patient.

42. The method according to claim 41, the computer system being further arranged for receiving fourth data (D4) indicative of a rate of oxygen consumption (V O_2) of the patient.

43. The method according to claim 42, further comprising the step of applying the physiological model(s) (MOD1) of the patient using said third data (D3) and/or said fourth data (D4) for modelling the tissue metabolism in the patient.

44. A computer program product being adapted to enable a computer system comprising at least one computer having data storage means in connection therewith to implement the method according to claim 40.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

[0083] The method according to the invention will now be described in more detail with regard to the accompanying figures. The figures show one way of implementing the present invention and is not to be construed as being limiting to other possible embodiments falling within the scope of the attached claim set.

[0084] FIG. 1 is a schematic drawing of a medical monitoring system comprising a decision support system according to the present invention,

[0085] FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating a possible simple model which could represent an embodiment of the invention,

[0086] FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating a possible more complex model which could represent an embodiment of the invention,

[0087] FIG. 4 shows an example of use of the method where no advice is provided to measure CO or for a minimum value of CO consistent with values of other physiological variables,

[0088] FIG. 5 shows A) an example of use of the method where advice is provided to measure CO; and B) an example of the calculation of a minimum value of CO consistent with values of other physiological variables, and

[0089] FIG. 6 shows a flow chart of the method according to the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0090] FIG. 1 is a schematic drawing of a medical monitoring system 100 comprising a decision support system DSS according to the present invention. The decision support system DSS provides medical decision support for cardiac output (CO) measurements in connection with an associated patient P,1 using a physiological models MOD1 implemented on a computer system 10.

[0091] The computer system is arranged for i.e. computationally capable of and instructed to: [0092] receiving first data D1 indicative of a relative arterial oxygenation, such as from measurement means M1, e.g. SaO2 or SpO2, in the blood of the patient, [0093] receiving second data D2 indicative of a haemoglobin concentration, such as from second measurement means M2, e.g. Hb, in the blood of the patient, [0094] optionally receiving third data D3 indicative of an oxygen partial pressure in the arterial blood, such as from third measurement means M3, e.g. PaO2, of the patient, and [0095] receiving fourth data D4 indicative of a rate of oxygen consumption, such as from fourth measurement means M4, e.g. {dot over (V)}O.sub.2, of the patient,
the computer system being arranged for: [0096] applying a physiological model MOD1 of the patient using said first D1, second D2, optionally third D3 and fourth data D4 for modelling the tissue metabolism in the patient, [0097] i. outputting from said physiological model MOD1—using a preliminary value for the cardiac output CO_PREL, e.g. from a lock-up table—an estimated measure indicative of the haemoglobin oxygen saturation in the mixed venous blood of the patient SvO2_EST, and [0098] ii. performing a first comparison COMP1 of said estimated measure indicative of the haemoglobin oxygen saturation in the mixed venous blood of the patient SvO2_EST with a reference value for the haemoglobin oxygen saturation in the mixed venous blood of the patient SvO2_REF. [0099] Additionally or alternatively, the computer is arranged for: [0100] iii. outputting from said physiological model MOD1, using a reference value for the haemoglobin oxygen saturation in the mixed venous blood of the patient SvO2_REF, an estimated value indicative of the cardiac output CO_EST in the patient, and [0101] iv. performing a second comparison COMP2 of said estimated value indicative for the cardiac output CO_EST with a reference value for the cardiac output CO_REF in patient, and

[0102] Finally, based on said first comparison COMP1 from step ii and/or said second comparison COMP2 from step iv there is generated a measure NM_CO indicative of the need for an improved measurement and/or estimation of the cardiac output (CO), e.g. a number indicating the need, or an outputting on a general user interface GUI a message like ‘Other CO measurement/estimate needed’ etc.

[0103] The invention comprises a method to assess the need for measurement of cardiac output and to assess the minimum value of cardiac output which consistent with other values of physiological variables. The principle of this invention is as follows. Model simulated or measured values of arterial blood oxygenation and acid-base status are used, along with measured tissue oxygen consumption and an estimated value of CO, to calculate mixed venous oxygen saturation (SvO.sub.2). If arterial oxygen levels are low or tissue oxygen consumption levels are high, then the simulated SvO.sub.2 values will be low. Typically, values of SvO.sub.2 or PvO.sub.2 below a minimum, say 50%, can be considered non-physiological [5]. This is due to the fact that the body typically responds to low venous oxygenation by constricting the veins, increasing flow of blood to the heart and hence increasing CO [5]. A model simulated SvO.sub.2<50% probably therefore indicates an under estimation of CO, and that a measured value of CO may be useful in interpreting the patient. In addition, if a SvO.sub.2 value of 50%, or a different arbitrary value, is considered the lowest possible value for SvO.sub.2, then it is possible to calculate the minimum value of cardiac output which is consistent with a SvO.sub.2 of 50%. For some patients the clinician may regard this as sufficient without the need for measuring CO.

[0104] This principle can be exemplified, both in terms of the models required to perform these calculations, and with examples of clinical situations where the invention may or may not result in suggestion of CO measurement or minimum values of CO.

Examples of Models Required for the Invention

[0105] FIG. 2 illustrates an example of a small subset of physiological models MOD1 which could be used in the method. It comprises a model component describing tissue metabolism of oxygen which enables prediction of mixed venous oxygen saturation (SvO.sub.2). This prediction can be performed using a reformulation of the well-known Fick equation to calculate oxygen concentration in the venous blood (CvO.sub.2), i.e.

[00001]$\begin{array}{cc}C.Math..Math.\stackrel{\_}{v}.Math..Math.O_2=\mathrm{Ca}.Math..Math.O_2-\frac{\stackrel{.}{V}.Math..Math.O_2}{\mathrm{CO}}& \left(1\right)\end{array}$

[0106] This equation calculates CvO.sub.2 from the difference between the concentration of oxygen in the arterial blood (CaO.sub.2) and the ratio of oxygen consumption ({dot over (V)}O.sub.2) and CO.

[0107] Following calculation of CvO.sub.2 it is possible to calculate SvO.sub.2 using numerical solution of the relationship between concentration (CvO.sub.2), partial pressure (PvO.sub.2) and saturation (SvO.sub.2), i.e. equation 2, and a mathematical representation of the oxygen dissociation curve, equation 3, which relates PvO.sub.2 and SvO.sub.2. For the latter, implementations of this are available in the literature [6].

CvO.sub.2=α.sub.O.sub.2PvO.sub.2+SvO.sub.2Hb  (2)

SvO.sub.2=ODC(PvO.sub.2,pHv,PvCO.sub.2)  (3)

[0108] In equation 2 α.sub.O.sub.2 represents the solubility of oxygen in blood and Hb the haemoglobin concentration of blood. In equation 3, ODC represents a mathematical function of the oxygen dissociation curve, pHv is the mixed venous pH, and PvCO.sub.2 is the mixed venous partial pressure of carbon dioxide. pHv, and PvCO.sub.2 can be either set to normal values or calculated for the specific patient from arterial acid-base status, measurement of tissue production of carbon dioxide ({dot over (V)}CO.sub.2), and a mathematical model of the acid-base status of venous blood [7].

[0109] As oxygen is poorly soluble in blood, a simplification of the above process is possible if α.sub.O.sub.2 PvO.sub.2 is assumed to be zero. In this situation equation 3 is not required and SvO.sub.2 can be calculated directly from CvO.sub.2 using equation 2.

[0110] To solve equations 1-3 require measurement, calculation or estimation of the values of several variables. Arterial oxygen concentration can be calculated from values of arterial oxygen saturation (SaO.sub.2) and arterial oxygen partial pressure PaO.sub.2 using an equation analogous to equation 2 for venous blood, i.e.

CaO.sub.2=α.sub.O.sub.2PaO.sub.2+SaO.sub.2Hb  (4)

[0111] This requires measurement, calculation or estimation of PaO.sub.2, SaO.sub.2 and Hb. Hb can be obtained from laboratory values for the patient or from a blood gas analysis. PaO.sub.2 and SaO.sub.2 can be obtained from a blood gas analysis, i.e. the blood analysis apparatus may constitute third measurement means M3 and first measurement means M1 as schematically indicated in FIG. 1, or they can be simulated using other mathematical models. FIG. 3 illustrates a chain of previously published mathematical models which may be used to simulate arterial values of PaO.sub.2 and SaO.sub.2 (8). These models enable prediction of PaO.sub.2 and SaO.sub.2 values on changing patient state or ventilation [8]. FIG. 3 therefore represents an extended set of models which may also be used to exemplify the invention. These are exemplified in FIG. 3 with models of pulmonary gas exchange and blood acid-base chemistry, but may include mathematical representation of any physiological system required to simulate the variables necessary to calculate SvO.sub.2.

[0112] In addition as oxygen is poorly soluble in blood, if a.sub.O.sub.2 PaO.sub.2 is assumed to be zero then measurement of PaO.sub.2 is not required. The measurement of SaO.sub.2 could be simplified by using a non-invasive value of SaO.sub.2 obtained from a pulse oximeter (SpO.sub.2), which may be considered as a particular embodiment of first measurement means M1 in FIG. 1.

[0113] {dot over (V)}O.sub.2 can be measured at the mouth using indirect calorimetry systems [9] measuring both O.sub.2 concentration and gas flow in respiratory gasses, i.e. being embodiments of the fourth measurement means M4 as schematically shown in FIG. 1. Alternatively measurement of carbon dioxide production ({dot over (V)}CO.sub.2) could be performed at the mouth using volumetric capnography, and {dot over (V)}O.sub.2 calculated using {dot over (V)}CO.sub.2 and an estimate for respiratory exchange ratio (RER) or respiratory quotient (RQ).

[0114] The remaining input to calculate SvO.sub.2 in equations 1-3 is CO. As the purpose of this invention is to determine when a measurement of CO is necessary then one assume no measurement of CO is available. Indeed an available measurement would render the method redundant. An estimate of CO is therefore part of the method. CO can be estimated from standard formulae calculating an average CO depending upon a patient's ideal body weight as shown previously (10). This typically requires input of only the patient's gender and height. Any similar method for estimating CO can be applied, including estimating CO to the normal value (5 l/min) for all patients.

[0115] Following calculation of SvO.sub.2 as described above, the following steps are performed. The calculated SvO.sub.2 value is compared against a reference value, with this reference value being that assumed to be the lowest physiologically possible. Any value can be applied, but in the examples used here a value of 50% is used. If the calculated value of SvO.sub.2 is below the reference value then one or both of the following steps can be performed [0116] 1) It is indicated that the estimated value of CO is incorrect or that it may be beneficial to measure a value [0117] 2) A minimum value of CO consistent with values of other physiological values is calculated. This is done by resolving equation 2 to calculate a CvO.sub.2 consistent with SvO.sub.2 equal to the minimum (e.g. 50%), and then solving equation 1 for CO using the previous values of CaO.sub.2 and {dot over (V)}O.sub.2 plus the value of CvO.sub.2 calculated at the minimum SvO.sub.2.

Examples of Use of the Invention

Example 1: A Situation where No Advice is Provided to Measure CO or for a Minimum Value of CO

[0118] FIG. 4 illustrates a situation where no advice or minimum CO calculation would be performed. Normal values of arterial oxygenation and Hb—obtained via model simulation, estimation or measurement—combined with a normal value of CO and {dot over (V)}O.sub.2, lead to simulation of a normal value of SvO.sub.2=78%. There is no reason to believe that this calculation represents a poor estimate of CO, the value of SvO.sub.2 being above the minimum, and the method would neither prompt for a measured value of CO nor provide a minimum estimated value.

Example 2: A Situation where Advice is Provided to Measure CO and a Minimum Value of CO is Calculated

[0119] FIG. 5 illustrates a situation where advice to measure CO and/or a minimum CO calculation would be performed. Normal values of arterial oxygenation are input along with a value of Hb that is less than half of normal. Hb values reduced to these levels are common in patients who have received substantial fluid infusions. These are combined with a normal estimate of CO but a value of {dot over (V)}O.sub.2 twice that normal. Such values of {dot over (V)}O.sub.2 are consistent with increased metabolism due to muscle activity, fever or other causes. As illustrated in FIG. 5A, these values lead to simulation of an unphysiological value of SvO.sub.2=15%, which is unlikely to be true being below the minimum value. This points to a poor estimate of CO and would therefore result in the method indicating this to the clinician and providing advice to consider measuring CO. In addition, and as illustrated in FIG. 5B, a minimum value of SvO.sub.2 approximated here as 50% could be entered into the equations. This would then result in a minimum value of CO of 8.9 l/min to be consistent with a SvO.sub.2 value of 50% or higher. This values could be accepted by the clinician if they felt it reasonable eliminating the need for CO measurement.

[0120] The overall principle of the method is then that calculation of SvO.sub.2 from an estimate of CO, values of other variables and physiological models, can indicate whether the estimate of CO is physiologically reasonable, and if not this information can be used to a) provide advice to consider measurement of CO and/or b) provide a minimum values of CO which is consistent with the values of all other physiological variables.

[0121] The invention thus relates to a method for evaluating the current estimate of CO and providing advice on the need to measure CO.

[0122] The invention also relates to a method for calculating a minimum value of CO that is consistent with other values of variables input into a physiological model.

[0123] The invention comprises measuring, estimating or simulating one or more of the following variables as use as input to the calculation of SvO.sub.2: Arterial oxygen saturation (SaO.sub.2) as an example of first data D1, blood haemoglobin concentration (Hb) as an example of second data D2, arterial oxygen partial pressure (PaO.sub.2) as an example of third data D3, and tissue oxygen consumption ({dot over (V)}O.sub.2) as an example of fourth data D4.

[0124] The invention in all aspects further comprises estimating a value of CO for calculating SvO.sub.2.

[0125] The invention in all aspects further comprises analysis of these data in terms of mathematical models to calculate SvO.sub.2.

[0126] The invention in all aspects further comprises analysis of these data with a minimum value of SvO.sub.2 in terms of mathematical models to calculate a minimum CO.

[0127] The invention in all aspects may also comprise the use of one or more mathematical physiological models of pulmonary gas exchange and blood acid-base chemistry to calculate either arterial oxygenation (SaO.sub.2, PaO.sub.2, CaO.sub.2) or to calculate SvO.sub.2.

[0128] Advantageously, the level of arterial oxygenation may be provided by measurement of arterial blood oxygen and acid-base status, by non-invasive pulse oximetry measurement (SpO.sub.2), by mathematical model simulation, or other equivalent measures available to the skilled person.

[0129] Advantageously, the level tissue oxygen consumption ({dot over (V)}O.sub.2) may be provided by measurements of oxygen fraction in respiratory gas (FEO.sub.2, PEO.sub.2), along with measurement of flow in the respiratory gas, or other equivalent measures available to the skilled person, cf. FIG. 3. These equivalent measures may include measurement of the level of tissue carbon dioxide production ({dot over (V)}CO.sub.2) from measurements of carbon dioxide fraction in respiratory gas (FEC, PECO.sub.2), along with measurement of flow in the respiratory gas.

[0130] FIG. 6 shows a flow chart of the method according to the invention. The method provides medical decision support for cardiac output (CO) measurements in connection with an associated patient P,1 using a physiological model MOD1 implemented on a computer system 10,

the computer system being arranged for S1: [0131] first data D1 indicative of a relative arterial oxygenation, such as SaO2 or SpO2, in the blood of the patient, [0132] receiving second data D2 indicative of a haemoglobin concentration, such as Hb, in the blood of the patient, [0133] optionally receiving third data D3 indicative of an oxygen partial pressure in the arterial blood, such as PaO2, of the patient, and [0134] receiving fourth data D4 indicative of a rate of oxygen consumption, such as {dot over (V)}O.sub.2, of the patient,
the method comprising: [0135] S2 applying a physiological model MOD1 of the patient using said first D1, second D2, optionally third D3 and fourth data D4 for modelling the tissue metabolism in the patient.

[0136] In one variant (left branch A in FIG. 6): [0137] i. S3 outputting from said physiological model (MOD1), using a preliminary value for the cardiac output (CO_PREL), an estimated measure indicative of the haemoglobin oxygen saturation in the mixed venous blood of the patient (SvO2_EST), and [0138] ii. S4 performing a first comparison (COMP1) of said estimated measure indicative of the haemoglobin oxygen saturation in the mixed venous blood of the patient (SvO2_EST) with a reference value for the haemoglobin oxygen saturation in the mixed venous blood of the patient (SvO2_REF),
and/or in another variant (right branch B in FIG. 6): [0139] iii. S5 outputting from said physiological model (MOD1), using a reference value for the haemoglobin oxygen saturation in the mixed venous blood of the patient (SvO2_REF), an estimated value indicative of the cardiac output (CO_EST) in the patient, and [0140] iv. S6 performing a second comparison (COMP2) of said estimated value indicative for the cardiac output (CO_EST) with a reference value for the cardiac output (CO_REF) in patient, and [0141] S7 generating a measure (NM_CO) indicative of the need for an improved measurement and/or estimation of the cardiac output (CO) based on said first comparison (COMP1, ii) and/or said second comparison (COMP2, iv).

[0142] The present invention may be beneficially applied when the individual is a normal person, a person under mechanical ventilation in general, including both invasive and non/invasive mechanical ventilation. In addition the invention may be beneficially applied when the patient is under continuous hemodynamic monitoring either using invasive catheter measurements or non-invasive measurements such as an inflated cuff on the arm or finger. The invention may be beneficially applied when the patient presents with, or is monitored for, circulatory abnormalities such as sepsis, heart failure or other diseases or conditions which may cause circulatory abnormalities.

[0143] The invention can be implemented by means of hardware, software, firmware or any combination of these. The invention or some of the features thereof can also be implemented as software running on one or more data processors and/or digital signal processors.

[0144] The individual elements of an embodiment of the invention may be physically, functionally and logically implemented in any suitable way such as in a single unit, in a plurality of units or as part of separate functional units. The invention may be implemented in a single unit, or be both physically and functionally distributed between different units and processors.

[0145] Although the present invention has been described in connection with the specified embodiments, it should not be construed as being in any way limited to the presented examples. The scope of the present invention is to be interpreted in the light of the accompanying claim set. In the context of the claims, the terms “comprising” or “comprises” do not exclude other possible elements or steps. Also, the mentioning of references such as “a” or “an” etc. should not be construed as excluding a plurality. The use of reference signs and abbreviations in the claims with respect to elements indicated in the figures shall also not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention. Furthermore, individual features mentioned in different claims, may possibly be advantageously combined, and the mentioning of these features in different claims does not exclude that a combination of features is not possible and advantageous.

[0146] It should be noted that embodiments and features described in the context of one of the aspects of the present invention also apply to the other aspects of the invention.

Glossary

[0147] CO Blood flow leaving the heart per minute, cardiac output. [0148] SvO.sub.2/SvO2 Haemoglobin oxygen saturation in the mixed venous blood. [0149] CvO.sub.2 Oxygen concentration in the mixed venous blood. [0150] CaO.sub.2 Oxygen concentration in the arterial blood. [0151] {dot over (V)}O.sub.2 Oxygen consumption in the tissues, or oxygen flow from the blood to the tissues. [0152] PvO.sub.2 Partial pressure of oxygen in the mixed venous blood. [0153] α.sub.O.sub.2 The solubility coefficient for oxygen in blood. [0154] Hb Haemoglobin concentration in the blood. [0155] ODC Mathematical formulation of the oxygen dissociation curve of blood. [0156] PvO.sub.2 Partial pressure of oxygen in the mixed venous blood. [0157] pHv pH value in the mixed venous blood. [0158] PvCO.sub.2 Partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood. [0159] pHv pH value in the mixed venous blood. [0160] {dot over (V)}CO.sub.2 Carbon dioxide production in the tissues, or carbon dioxide flow from the blood to the tissues. [0161] SaO.sub.2 Haemoglobin oxygen saturation in the arterial blood. [0162] PaO.sub.2 Partial pressure of oxygen in the arterial blood. [0163] SpO.sub.2 Haemoglobin oxygen saturation in the arterial blood approximated by peripheral oxygenation saturation measured using a pulse oximeter. [0164] RER The respiratory quotient when measured using indirect calorimetry from respiratory gasses. [0165] RQ The ratio between {dot over (V)}CO.sub.2 and {dot over (V)}O.sub.2 [0166] FEO.sub.2 The fraction of oxygen in the expiratory gas [0167] PEO.sub.2 The partial pressure of oxygen in the expiratory gas [0168] FECO.sub.2 The fraction of carbon dioxide in the expiratory gas [0169] PECO.sub.2 The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the expiratory gas

REFERENCES

[0170] 1. Pinsky MR. Targets for resuscitation from shock. Minerva Anestesiol. 2003 April; 69(4):237-44. [0171] Reference about the need for CO measurement in patients with sepsis and other hemodynamic conditions [0172] 2. Oren-Grinberg A. The PiCCO Monitor. International Anesthesiology Clinics 2010; 48(1): 57-85 [0173] 3. Broch O, Renner J, Gruenewald M, Meybohm P, Schottler J, Caliebe A, Steinfath M, Malbrain M, Bein B. A comparison of the Nexfin® and transcardiopulmonary thermodilution to estimate cardiac output during coronary artery surgery. Anaesthesia 2012 April; 67(4):377-83 [0174] 4. Wesseling K H, De Wit B, Van der Hoeven G M A, van Goudoever J, Settles, J J. Physiocal, calibrating finger vascular physiology for Finapres. Homeostasis 1995; 36:67-82 [0175] 5. Smith B W, Andreassen S, Shaw G M, Jensen P L, Rees S E, Chase J G. Simulation of cardiovascular system diseases by including the autonomic nervous system into a minimal model. Comput Methods Programs Biomed. 2007 May; 86(2):153-Reference stating that Svo2 values less that 50% are unphysiological due to venoconstriction. [0176] 6. O. Siggaard-Andersen, P. D. Wimberley, I. Gothgen, M. Siggaard-Andersen, A mathematical model of the hemoglobin-oxygen dissociation curve of human blood and of the oxygen partial pressure as a function of temperature, Clin. Chem. 30 (1984) 1646-1651.ODC [0177] 7. Rees S E, Klaestrup E, Handy J, Andreassen S, Kristensen S R. Mathematical modelling of the acid-base chemistry and oxygenation of blood: a mass balance, mass action approach including plasma and red blood cells. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2010 February; 108(3):483-94. [0178] 8. Rees S E. The Intelligent Ventilator (INVENT) project: the role of mathematical models in translating physiological knowledge into clinical practice. Comput Methods Programs Biomed. 2011 December; 104 Suppl 1:S1-29 [0179] 9. McClave S A, Martindale R G, Kiraly L. The use of indirect calorimetry in the intensive care unit. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2013 March; 16(2):202-8 Indirect calorimetry measurements of {dot over (V)}O.sub.2 [0180] 10 Dan S. Karbing, Soren Kjargaard, Steen Andreassen, Kurt Espersen, Stephen E. Rees. Minimal model quantification of pulmonary gas exchange in intensive care patients CO calculation from ideal body weight. Medical Engineering & Physics 33 (2011) 240-248

[0181] All patent and non-patent references cited in the present application, are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.