Neural Block by Super-Threshold Low Frequency Electrical Stimulation
20220395686 · 2022-12-15
Inventors
Cpc classification
A61N1/36007
HUMAN NECESSITIES
A61N1/40
HUMAN NECESSITIES
International classification
Abstract
Provided herein is a method of blocking a nerve or neuron including applying an electrical stimulation to the nerve or neuron, wherein the electrical stimulation is of an intensity that is greater than an excitation threshold of the nerve or neuron for a length of time sufficient to produce a block of nerve conduction or neuron excitation.
Claims
1-22. (canceled)
23. A method of controlling micturition or defecation in a patient comprising: applying a first electrical stimulation to the left pudendal nerve or branches thereof and a second electrical stimulation to the right pudendal nerve or branches thereof of a patient, wherein the first and second electrical stimulation is of an intensity that is equal to or greater than an excitation threshold of the pudendal nerve for a length of time sufficient to produce a conduction block of both pudendal nerves either during or after ending the first and/or second electrical stimulation, thereby inhibiting contraction of the external urethral sphincter (EUS) and/or external anal sphincter (EAS), and either during or immediately after ending the first and/or second electrical stimulation when the EUS/EAS is relaxed, applying a third electrical stimulation to the left or right pudendal nerve at a location central to the blocked pudendal nerve site to induce bladder or colon/rectal contraction, or either during or immediately after ending the first and/or second electrical stimulation when the EUS/EAS is relaxed, applying a third electrical stimulation to a sacral spinal root (S1, S2, S3, or S4) to induce bladder or colon/rectal contraction, or either during or immediately after ending the first and/or second electrical stimulation when the EUS/EAS is relaxed, applying a third electrical stimulation to the spinal cord by epidural electrodes, or skin surface electrodes or electromagnetic coils to induce bladder or colon/rectal contraction, or either during or immediately after ending the first and/or second electrical stimulation when the EUS/EAS is relaxed, applying a third electrical stimulation to pelvic nerve to induce bladder or colon/rectal contraction, or either during or immediately after ending the first and/or second electrical stimulation and during the EUS/EAS relaxation, manually applying pressure to the abdominal area to produce bladder or colon/rectal pressure.
24. The method of claim 23, wherein the first and second electrical stimulation for pudendal nerve block is delivered at an intensity that is at least five times the excitation threshold of the pudendal nerve, optionally wherein the intensity is of 0.01 mA to 50 mA and/or 1 mV to 500 V, optionally 0.5 mA to 10 mA, wherein the first and second electrical stimulation for pudendal nerve block is delivered at a frequency of 1 Hz to less than 4 kHz, or 1 Hz to 1.3 Hz, or 1 Hz to 1.5 kHz, optionally from 100 Hz to 1 kHz, optionally from 100 Hz to 500 Hz, and wherein the first and second electrical stimulation for pudendal nerve block is delivered for a period of from 5 seconds to 60 minutes, 1 minute to 60 minutes, optionally from 10 seconds to 90 seconds, optionally from 30 seconds to 60 seconds, optionally from 1 minute to 3 minutes, optionally from 2 minutes to 20 minutes, optionally from 30 minutes to 60 minutes.
25. (canceled)
26. (canceled)
27. The method of claim 23, wherein the first and second electrical stimulation results in the block of pudendal nerve conduction for at least 10 seconds following cessation of the electrical stimulation.
28. The method of claim 23, wherein the first and second electrical stimulation comprises symmetric biphasic electrical pulses.
29-31. (canceled)
32. The method of claim 23, further comprising, once block of pudendal nerve conduction is achieved, stopping application of the first and/or second electrical stimulation for a period of at least 10 seconds, optionally at least 1 minute, optionally at least 5 minutes, 10 minutes, 15 minutes, 30 minutes, or 180 minutes, wherein the block of pudendal nerve conduction is maintained during the period and, after the period has concluded, resuming the first and/or second electrical stimulation of the pudendal nerve or branch thereof at the same or different intensity and/or at the same or different frequency to continue or prolong the block of pudendal nerve conduction.
33. The method of claim 23, further comprising, once block of pudendal nerve conduction or excitation is achieved, maintaining the block by changing the intensity and/or frequency of the first and/or second electrical stimulation, optionally by reducing the intensity of the electrical stimulation or increasing the frequency of the electrical stimulation.
34. The method of claim 23, wherein the first and second stimulation comprises biphasic pulses at an intensity of 6-9 mA and a frequency of between 100 Hz and 1 kHz, applied for from 10-60 seconds.
35. The method of claim 23, wherein the third electrical stimulation for inducing bladder or colon/rectal contraction and applied to the pudendal nerve, the sacral (S1, S2, S3, or S4) spinal root, spinal cord, or the pelvic nerve has a frequency between 1 Hz to 100 Hz, optionally between 15 Hz and 50 Hz, or optionally 1 Hz to 3 Hz.
36. The method of claim 23, wherein the third electrical stimulation is delivered at an intensity above the excitation threshold, thereby causing bladder or colon/rectal contraction and causing bladder or colon/rectal pressure to increase more than 20 cm H.sub.2O, optionally wherein the stimulation intensity is of 0.01 mA to 20 mA and/or 1 mV to 20 V, optionally 0.1 mA to 10 mA.
37. The method of claim 35, wherein the third stimulation is delivered for a period longer than the period of bladder or colon/rectal contraction, optionally for a period of from 10 seconds to 60 minutes, optionally from 30 seconds to 60 seconds, or from 30 seconds to 2 minutes, or from 30 seconds to 3 minutes, or from 30 minutes to 60 minutes.
38. The method of claim 35, further comprising, once the bladder or colon/rectal contraction has ended, stopping application of the third electrical stimulation for a period of at least 10 seconds, optionally at least 1 minute, optionally at least 5 minutes, 10 minutes, 15 minutes, or 30 minutes, after the period has concluded, resuming the third stimulation at the same or different intensity and/or at the same or different frequency to induce bladder or colon contraction again while the pudendal nerves are blocked and the EUS/EAS is relaxed.
39-54. (canceled)
55. A device controlling micturition or defecation in a patient comprising: a controller; one or two pulse generators in communication with the controller; and one or more lead and/or cuff electrodes, optionally two electrodes, configured to be placed near or in contact with the left and/or right pudendal nerves, the electrodes in electrical communication with the first pulse generator, wherein the device is configured to apply an electrical stimulation to the pudendal nerve, wherein the electrical stimulation is of an intensity that is equal to or greater than an excitation threshold of the pudendal nerve for a length of time sufficient to produce a block of pudendal nerve conduction either during or after ending the electrical stimulation, thereby inhibiting contraction of the external urethral sphincter (EUS) and/or the external anal sphincter (EAS); and another electrode, configured to be placed near or in contact with the blocked pudendal nerve at a site central to the blocked site, or be placed near or in contact with the sacral (S1, S2, S3, or S4) spinal root, spinal cord, or pelvic nerve, the electrode in electrical communication with the first pulse generator, wherein the device is configured to apply electrical stimulation using the electrode either during or immediately after the ending of pudendal nerve blocking stimulation at an intensity that is greater than an excitation threshold of the pudendal nerve, sacral (S1, S2, S3, or S4) spinal root, spinal cord, or pelvic nerve to induce bladder or colon/rectal contraction; or skin surface electrodes or electromagnetic coils, configured to be placed on the skin surface along the patient's spine and in electrical communication with the second pulse generator, and wherein the device is configured to apply electrical stimulation using the skin surface electrodes or electromagnetic coils either during or immediately after the ending of pudendal nerve blocking stimulation at an intensity that is greater than an excitation threshold of the spinal cord to induce bladder or colon/rectal contraction.
56. The device of claim 55, wherein the electrical stimulation for pudendal nerve block is delivered at an intensity that is at least five times the excitation threshold of the pudendal nerve, optionally wherein the intensity is of 0.01 mA to 50 mA and/or 1 mV to 500 V, optionally 0.5 mA to 10 mA, wherein the electrical stimulation for pudendal nerve block is delivered at a frequency of 1 Hz to less than 4 kHz, or 1 Hz to 1.3 Hz, or 1 Hz to 1.5 kHz, optionally from 100 Hz to 1 kHz, optionally from 100 Hz to 500 Hz, and the electrical stimulation for pudendal nerve block is delivered for a period of from 5 seconds to 60 minutes, 1 minute to 60 minutes, optionally from 10 seconds to 90 seconds, optionally from 30 seconds to 60 seconds, optionally from 1 minute to 5 minutes, optionally from 2 minutes to 20 minutes, optionally from 30 minutes to 60 minutes.
57. (canceled)
58. (canceled)
59. The device of claim 55, wherein the electrical stimulation results in the block of pudendal nerve conduction for at least 10 seconds following cessation of the electrical stimulation.
60. The device of claim 55, wherein the electrical stimulation for pudendal nerve block comprises symmetric biphasic electrical pulses.
61-63. (canceled)
64. The device of claim 55, further comprising, once block of pudendal nerve conduction is achieved, stopping application of the pudendal nerve blocking electrical stimulation for a period of at least 10 seconds, optionally at least 1 minute, optionally at least 5 minutes, 10 minutes, 15 minutes, 30 minutes, or 180 minutes, wherein the block of pudendal nerve conduction is maintained during the period and, after the period has concluded, resuming the electrical stimulation of the pudendal nerve or branch thereof at the same or different intensity and/or at the same or different frequency to continue or prolong the block of pudendal nerve conduction.
65. The device of claim 55, further comprising, once block of pudendal nerve conduction is achieved, maintaining the block by changing the intensity and/or frequency of the pudendal nerve blocking electrical stimulation, optionally by reducing the intensity of the electrical stimulation or increasing the frequency of the electrical stimulation.
66. The device of claim 55, wherein the electrical stimulation for inducing bladder or colon/rectal contraction and applied to the pudendal nerve, the sacral (S1, S2, S3, or S4) spinal root, spinal cord, or the pelvic nerve has a frequency between 1 Hz to 100 Hz, optionally between 15 Hz and 50 Hz, or optionally between 1 Hz to 3 Hz.
67. The device of claim 66, wherein the stimulation is delivered at an intensity above the excitation threshold of the nerve, thereby causing a bladder or colon/rectal contraction and bladder or colon/rectal pressure to increase more than 20 cm H.sub.2O, optionally wherein the intensity is of 0.01 mA to 20 mA and/or 1 mV to 20 V, optionally 0.1 mA to 10 mA.
68. The device of claim 66, wherein the stimulation is delivered for a period longer than the period of bladder or colon/rectal contraction, optionally for a period of from 10 seconds to 60 minutes, optionally from 30 seconds to 60 seconds, or from 30 seconds to 2 minutes, or from 30 seconds to 3 minutes, or from 30 minutes to 60 minutes.
69. The device of claim 66, further comprising, once the bladder or colon/rectal contraction has ended, stopping application of the electrical stimulation for a period of at least 10 seconds, optionally at least 1 minute, optionally at least 5 minutes, 10 minutes, 15 minutes, 30 minutes, or 180 minutes, after the period has concluded, resuming the stimulation at the same or different intensity and/or at the same or different frequency to induce bladder or colon/rectal contraction again while the pudendal nerves are blocked and the EUS/EAS is relaxed.
70-80. (canceled)
Description
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0091] Additional advantages and details of the methods and devices are explained in greater detail below with reference to the exemplary embodiments and aspects, and the following figures in which:
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DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0104] The use of numerical values in the various ranges specified in this application, unless expressly indicated otherwise, are stated as approximations as though the minimum and maximum values within the stated ranges are both preceded by the word “about”. In this manner, slight variations above and below the stated ranges can be used to achieve substantially the same results as values within the ranges. Also, unless indicated otherwise, the disclosure of these ranges is intended as a continuous range including every value between the minimum and maximum values. For definitions provided herein, those definitions refer to word forms, cognates and grammatical variants of those words or phrases.
[0105] The figures accompanying this application are representative in nature, and should not be construed as implying any particular scale or directionality, unless otherwise indicated. For purposes of the description hereinafter, the terms “upper”, “lower”, “right”, “left”, “vertical”, “horizontal”, “top”, “bottom”, “lateral”, “longitudinal” and derivatives thereof shall relate to the invention as it is oriented in the drawing figures. However, it is to be understood that the invention may assume various alternative variations and step sequences, except where expressly specified to the contrary. Hence, specific dimensions and other physical characteristics related to the embodiments disclosed herein are not to be considered as limiting.
[0106] As used herein, the term “comprising” and like terms are open-ended. The term “consisting essentially of” limits the scope of a claim to the specified materials or steps and those that do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristics of the claimed invention. The term “consisting of” excludes any element, step, or ingredient not specified in the claim.
[0107] As used herein, the terms “a” and “an” refer to one or more.
[0108] As used herein, the term “patient” is any mammal, including humans, and a “human patient” is any human.
[0109] As used herein, the terms “communication” and “communicate” refer to the receipt, transmission, or transfer of one or more signals, messages, commands, or other type of data. For one unit or device to be in communication with another unit or device means that the one unit or device is able to receive data from and/or transmit data to the other unit or device. A communication can use a direct or indirect connection, and can be wired and/or wireless in nature. Additionally, two units or devices can be in communication with each other even though the data transmitted can be modified, processed, routed, etc., between the first and second unit or device. For example, a first unit can be in communication with a second unit even though the first unit passively receives data and does not actively transmit data to the second unit. As another example, a first unit can be in communication with a second unit if an intermediary unit processes data from one unit and transmits processed data to the second unit. It will be appreciated that numerous other arrangements are possible. Any known electronic communication protocols and/or algorithms can be used such as, for example, TCP/IP (including HTTP and other protocols), WLAN (including 802.11a/b/g/n and other radio frequency-based protocols and methods), analog transmissions, Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), 3G/4G/LTE, BLUETOOTH, ZigBee, EnOcean, TransferJet, Wireless USB, and the like known to those of skill in the art.
[0110] As used herein, “electrical communication,” for example in the context of transmitting electrical pulses from a pulse generator to an electrode refers to sending an electrical pulse produced by a pulse generator to a skin surface electrode, an electrode lead, a magnetic coil, or like devices capable of generating electrical current to stimulate a nerve or neuron as described herein, typically through an electrically-conductive lead, such as a wire.
[0111] As used herein, the “excitation threshold” (T) of a nerve or neuron is the minimum level to which a neuron and/or nerve membrane must be depolarized to initiate an action potential, resulting in excitation of the nerve or neuron, e.g., initiation of an action potential and propagation of the action potential, and thereby propagation of a signal in the nerve or neuron. The terms “nerve” and “neuron” are used interchangeably herein, particularly with reference to excitation thresholds, though one of skill in the art will appreciate that neuron refers to the cell body at which an action potential is generated and nerve refers to the axon along which an action potential is conducted. Stimulation parameters sufficient to excite a neuron will be considered suitable to excite or propagate an action potential in a nerve. Depolarization of a nerve or neuron membrane potential results in an increase in the membrane voltage, for example from −70 millivolts (mV) to up to +40 mV. The excitation threshold may depend on the frequency at which the stimulation is delivered. For example, 0.1 mA delivered at 1 kHz may depolarize a neuron to a point at or above the neuron's excitation threshold, while the same intensity delivered at 10 Hz may not depolarize the neuron to the same degree.
[0112] As used herein, the term “super-threshold depolarization” or “super-threshold stimulation” means a stimulation sufficient to increase membrane voltage of a nerve or neuron from resting membrane potential (e.g., −70 mV) to a level at or above the excitation threshold, such that the nerve or neuron becomes excited, e.g., such that an action potential is initiated or conducted. It is noted that in the same nerve trunk, the motor and sensory nerve fibers may have different excitation thresholds; however, a membrane excitation threshold can be in the range of from −55 mV to −45 mV, all subranges therebetween inclusive. For the same sensory nerve, the excitation thresholds for inducing paresthesia or pain are also different. Therefore, super-threshold as used herein means that stimulation intensity is at or above the level to induce muscle contraction, paresthesia, or pain. Super-threshold stimulation as described herein can increase the membrane voltage from resting (−70 mV) to a voltage equal to or greater than −55 mV.
[0113] The “intensity” of an electrical pulse is proportional to, and refers to either the voltage or current (e.g., milliAmperes or mA) applied to the nerve or neuron, with an increased intensity being proportional to an increased voltage or an increased current applied to the nerve or neuron. Intensity may be measured as, or proportional to, electrical power, e.g., Watts.
[0114] Provided herein is a method of blocking a nerve or neuron, by applying a super-threshold electrical stimulation to the nerve or neuron. An intensity of the electrical stimulation that is applied to the nerve or neuron is greater than an excitation threshold of the nerve or neuron (e.g., depolarizing membrane voltage to equal to or greater than about −55 mV), such that an action potential is generated, and is referred to herein as “super-threshold” stimulation. This super-threshold stimulation is applied to the nerve or neuron for a length of time sufficient to produce a block of nerve conduction or neuronal excitation. The block induced by the super-threshold electrical stimulation can include a post-stimulation block.
[0115] As used herein, “post-stimulation block” refers to a nerve block that extends past the cessation of the electrical stimulation, and can, depending on the duration and intensity of the electrical stimulation, persist from seconds to hours, days, weeks, months, or years, including increments therebetween. The post-stimulation block can last at least 1 minute. The post-stimulation block can be maintained after a cessation of stimulation for at least 1 minute, optionally at least 5 minutes, 10 minutes, 15 minutes, or 30 minutes, at which time stimulation can be re-applied. The stimulation that is re-applied can be the same or different intensity and frequency as compared to the initial parameters used to initiate the block. This may be due to movement of ions and the possibility of an increase in excitation threshold achieved through super-threshold stimulation, which, without wishing to be bound by the theory, occurs by the reallocation of sodium and potassium during the application of super-threshold stimulation. After post-stimulation block is achieved, the frequency and/or intensity of the electrical stimulation can be altered to maintain or re-initiate the block. That is, after achieving post-stimulation block, the frequency of the stimulation can be increased or decreased, and/or the intensity of the stimulation can be increased or decreased.
[0116] The super-threshold stimulation can include electrical pulses (including magnetic stimulation capable of generating an electrical current) that can have any suitable characteristic, so long as the stimulation is super-threshold stimulation. As such, the terms “electrical stimulation” and “electrical pulses” are used interchangeably herein. As will be recognized by a person of skill in the art, characteristics of the electrical pulses, including, without limitation, amplitude (magnitude or size of a signal voltage or current), voltage, amperage, duration, frequency, polarity, phase, relative timing and symmetry of positive and negative pulses in biphasic stimulation, and/or wave shape (e.g., square, sine, triangle, sawtooth, or variations or combinations thereof) may be varied in order to provide a desired super-threshold stimulation and resultant post-stimulation blocking in a patient or class of patients. So long as other characteristics of the electrical signals (e.g., without limitation, amplitude, voltage, amperage, duration, polarity, phase, relative timing and symmetry of positive and negative pulses in biphasic stimulation, and/or wave shape) are within useful ranges, modulation of the pulse frequency will achieve the desired result of super-threshold induced blocking of a nerve or neuron.
[0117] Turning to
[0118] One characteristic of the electrical signals used to produce a desired response, as described above, is the frequency of the electrical pulse. Although effective frequency ranges (e.g., frequencies able to produce a stated effect) may vary subject-to-subject, and the controlling factor is achieving a desired outcome, certain, non-limiting exemplary ranges may be as follows, with the proviso that the stimulation, or pulses, evoke an action potential in the target nerve/neuron. For blocking nerves, useful frequencies may range above 1 Hz (Hertz), from approximately 1 Hz to less than 4 kHz (kilohertz), or from 1 Hz to 1.5 kHz, or from 1 Hz to 1.3 kHz, or from 100 Hz to 1 kHz, optionally from 100 Hz to 500 Hz, all subranges therebetween inclusive. Effective stimulation may be delivered at 100 Hz, 500 Hz, 1 kHz, 1.5 kHz, or any value therebetween, or in a range of 1 Hz to less than 4 kHz, 1 Hz to 1.3 kHz, 1 Hz to 1.5 kHz, 100 Hz to 1 kHz, or 100 Hz to 500 Hz, all subranges therebetween inclusive. While nerve block obtained with super-threshold high frequency stimulation (≥4 kHz) is known, it was heretofore unknown that super-threshold stimulation in the low kilohertz range (e.g., <4 kHz) or below kilohertz range (1-1000 Hz) could induce nerve block.
[0119] As indicated above, super-threshold electrical pulses are determined by the intensity of electrical stimulation, which in a medium of stable or relatively stable resistance, such as mammalian tissue, can be characterized as relating to current (I, typically measured in mA), or voltage (V, typically measured in mV), based on Ohm's Law. It should, therefore, be understood that the intensity of the stimulation is a matter of both V and I, and as such, both are increased, e.g., proportionally or substantially proportionally, with increased intensity of stimulation. As such, one characteristic of the pulses is the current that is applied to produce a super-threshold stimulation that is capable of nerve blocking. Super-threshold stimulation can be achieved in a typical range of from 0.1 mA to 100 mA, from 0.5 mA to 50 mA, from 0.5 mA to 5 mA, all subranges therebetween inclusive. Stimulation can be applied at 0.1 mA, 0.5 mA, 1 mA, 2 mA, 3 mA, 4 mA, 5 mA, 10 mA, 50 mA, 100 mA, or any value therebetween. Super-threshold nerve stimulation can be achieved in a typical range of from 1 mV to 500 V.
[0120] Breaks, or periods where no electrical stimulation is applied, or is applied less frequently than necessary to achieve the post-stimulation block, can be introduced. When breaks or periods where no electrical stimulation are applied, the breaks or periods can be at least 10 seconds, optionally at least 1 minute, optionally at least 5 minutes, 10 minutes, 15 minutes, 30 minutes, or 180 minutes, wherein the block of nerve conduction or neuron excitation is maintained during the breaks or periods. Stimulation can then be reintroduced to maintain blockage. This reintroduced stimulation can be the same as originally applied, or of an increased or reduced intensity and/or an increased or reduced frequency compared to the stimulation providing the initial block.
[0121] Super-threshold stimulation can be measured in terms of excitation threshold (T) of a nerve or neuron, which allows for use of a metric that can be applied across patients no matter the individual variations in current and/or voltage necessary to induce excitation in a given patient. For example, and without limitation, reference can be made to excitation of 5T, or five-times the excitation threshold for a nerve of interest in a given patient, rather than to a specific combination of current/voltage. The stimulation that can be applied to a nerve in a patient to generate nerve block is 1T, 2T, 3T, 4T, 5T, 10T, 20T, 30T, 40T, 50T, 60T, 70T, 80T, 90T, 100T, or higher, all values therebetween inclusive.
[0122] As described below, the waveform of the pulses may vary, so long as the desired super-threshold blocking effect is realized. One skilled in the art will appreciate that other types of electrical stimulation may also be used in accordance with the present invention. Monophasic or biphasic stimuli, or a mixture thereof, may be used. Damage to nerves by the application of an electrical current may be minimized, as is known in the art, by application of biphasic pulses or biphasic waveforms to the nerve(s), as opposed to monophasic pulses or waveforms that can damage nerves in some instances of long-term use. “Biphasic current,” “biphasic pulses,” or “biphasic waveforms” refer to two or more pulses that are of opposite polarity that may be of equal or substantially equal net charge (hence, biphasic and charge balanced), and may be symmetrical, asymmetrical, or substantially symmetrical. This is accomplished, for example, by applying through an electrode one or more positive pulses, followed by one or more negative pulses, typically of the same amplitude and duration as the positive pulses, or vice versa, such that the net charge applied to the target of the electrode is zero, or approximately zero. For charge-balanced biphasic stimulation, the opposite polarity pulses may have different amplitudes, profiles, or durations, so long as the net applied charge by the biphasic pulse pair (the combination of the positive and negative pulses) is approximately zero.
[0123] The waveform may be of any useful shape, including without limitation: sine, square, rectangular, triangular, sawtooth, rectilinear, pulse, exponential, truncated exponential, or damped sinusoidal. The pulses may increase or decrease over the stimulation period. The waveform can be rectangular. The super-threshold pulses may be applied continuously or intermittently as needed. As indicated below, super-threshold stimulation of a nerve or neuron at certain voltages or currents for certain time periods elicits post-stimulation nerve blockage. Therefore, the super-threshold stimulation may be applied for very short intervals (e.g., 5 seconds to 70 seconds), short intervals (e.g., 1-10 minutes), or longer intervals (e.g., 30 minutes, 360 minutes or even longer, for example days, weeks, months, or even years) to achieve shorter-lasting blockage/relief in terms of at least 10 seconds, 30 seconds, 1 minute, 2 minutes, 3 minutes, 5 minutes, 10 minutes, or 180 minutes, or achieve longer-lasting blockage/relief, in terms of hours, days, weeks, months, or years. The stimulation can be applied for at least 5 seconds, 30 seconds, at least 70 seconds, or at least 5 minutes. The stimulation can be applied for 30 minutes to 2 hours, all subranges therebetween inclusive. The stimulation can be applied for at least 70 minutes, at least 80 minutes, or at least 90 minutes. The stimulation can be applied intermittently (that is, the pulses are turned on and off alternately during a stimulation interval for any time period) during continuous or interval stimulation protocols. For example, the stimulation may be applied for 5 seconds on and 5 seconds off over an interval of, for example, 1-10 minutes or longer (e.g., hours, days, weeks, months, years). Other examples of intermittent application of pulses may be 1-90 seconds on and 1-90 seconds off over up to a 360 minute time period or longer. So long as other pulse parameters (e.g., intensity and frequency) are within acceptable limits (e.g., those known to not to cause damage and/or long-term injury to a neuron or nerve), the inhibition is temporary and does not damage the involved neurons/nerves. For example, intermittent application of pulses may be continuous, that is, for as long as the pulses are having the desired effect, and for as long as the patient desires (e.g., is not undesirably painful, or harmful to the patient). In one aspect, the stimulation is provided continuously, for example, to treat severe symptoms, or any symptom that does not respond to intermittent, short-term stimulation to the degree desired by a clinician or the patient.
[0124] Also provided herein is a method of controlling a physiological process, such as a urological or gastrointestinal process, by applying super-threshold electrical stimulation to a patient to block nerve conduction. The physiological process can be micturition. The physiological process can also be defecation. U.S. Pat. No. 8,805,510, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, describes physiological processes that can be modulated and/or controlled by administration of electrical stimulation as described herein, including urinary incontinence, overactive bladder, urine retention and voiding dysfunction, detrusor sphincter dyssynergia, fecal incontinence, constipation, irritable bowel syndrome, sexual dysfunction in both men and women, premature ejaculation, decreased sexual sensation, an orgasm, urethral pain, prostate pain, vulvodynia, anal pain, rectal pain, and bladder pain. Such conditions can result from neurological impairment or from other diseases or conditions. For example, urinary retention and/or incontinence can result from spinal cord injury or stroke, or damage caused by trauma, disease (e.g., multiple sclerosis) and/or congenital defects. Circumstances where one or more of the conditions is caused by spinal cord trauma, or other injury that reduces and/or eliminates sensation, such as pain sensation, may benefit from the methods disclosed herein, as the patient will be less likely to experience pain from the initial excitation that accompanies the super-threshold stimulation-induced block.
[0125] The method can include the step of applying super-threshold electrical stimulation to a patient's pudendal nerve or a branch thereof. The pudendal nerve originates in the sacral plexus and derives its fibers from the first, second, third, and fourth sacral nerves (S1, S2, S3, S4). The pudendal nerve passes between the piriformis and coccygeus muscles and leaves the pelvis through the lower part of the greater sciatic foramen. The nerve then crosses the spine of the ischium, and reenters the pelvis through the lesser sciatic foramen. The pudendal nerve accompanies the internal pudendal vessels upward and forward along the lateral wall of the ischiorectal fossa, and is contained in a sheath of the obturator fascia termed the pudendal canal. The pudendal nerve gives off the inferior rectal nerves. It then divides into two terminal branches: the perineal nerve, and the dorsal nerve of the penis (males) or the dorsal nerve of the clitoris (in females). The inferior anal nerves branch off shortly after passing through the greater sciatic foramen. The dorsal nerve of the penis or dorsal nerve of the clitoris are the more superficial terminal branch of the pudendal nerve while the perineal nerve is deeper terminal branches of the pudendal nerve, traveling into the deep perineal pouch.
[0126] The pudendal nerve carries both sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent) signals. It innervates, among other things, the anal and external urethral sphincters. It also innervates the penis and clitoris, bulbospongiosus and ischiocavernosus muscles, and areas around the scrotum, perineum, and anus. At sexual climax, peristaltic action of muscles in the reproductive ducts and accessory glands (e.g., seminal vesicles, prostate and Cowper's (bulbourethral) glands), along with spasms in the bulbospongiosus and ischiocavernous muscles result in ejaculation in the male. Spasms in the bulbospongiosus and ischiocavernous muscles accompany most of the feelings of orgasm in both sexes.
[0127] The method can be used to control micturition. Micturition, also called voiding or urination, is the act of emptying the bladder. In humans, when about 200 ml of urine has accumulated, distension of the bladder wall typically activates stretch receptors, triggering a visceral reflex arc. Afferent impulses are transmitted to the sacral region of the spinal cord, and efferent impulses return to the bladder via the parasympathetic pelvic nerves, causing the detrusor muscle of the bladder to contract and the internal sphincter of the bladder to relax. As the contractions increase in intensity, they force stored urine through the internal sphincter into the upper part of the urethra. Afferent impulses are also transmitted to the brain, so one feels the urge to void at this point. Because the external urethral (urinary) sphincter is voluntarily controlled, a person can choose to keep it closed and postpone bladder emptying temporarily. On the other hand, if the time is convenient, the voluntary sphincter can be relaxed, allowing urine to be expelled from the bladder. When one chooses not to void, reflex bladder contractions subside within a minute or so and urine continues to accumulate. After 200-300 ml more has collected, the micturition reflex occurs again and, if urination is delayed again, is damped once more.
[0128] Thus, normal bladder activity is typically divided into two phases. In the first phase, the “storage phase,” the bladder detrusor is quiet and the external urethral sphincter (EUS) is closed. In the second phase, the “voiding phase,” the bladder detrusor contracts and the EUS is (voluntarily) relaxed, permitting urine to flow out of the urethra. In patients with neurological damage affecting the micturition process, this process is disrupted, leading to, for example, incontinence or retention.
[0129] Incontinence is the inability to control micturition. Incontinence typically is a result of emotional problems, physical pressure during pregnancy, or nervous system problems, such as stroke or spinal cord lesions.
[0130] In urinary retention, the bladder is unable to expel its contained urine. Urinary retention is common after general anesthesia has been given (it seems that it takes a little time for the smooth muscles to regain their activity). Urinary retention in men often reflects prostate hypertrophy, narrowing the urethra, making it difficult to void. Stretching of the bladder wall by urine causes sensory impulses to be transmitted to the sacral region of the spinal cord. Motor impulses are delivered to the bladder detrusor muscle and the internal sphincter via parasympathetic fibers of the pelvic nerves. The pudendal nerve serves the striated muscle fibers of the external urethral sphincter.
[0131] Defecation proceeds by a similar manner as micturition. Sensory and motor control of defecation travels through the pudendal nerve. The rectum usually is empty. When feces are forced into the rectum by mass movement, the rectal wall is stretched, initiating the defecation reflex. In the defecation reflex, the walls of the sigmoid colon and rectum contracts and the anal sphincters relax, forcing the feces into the anal canal. The brain, however, decides whether the passage of feces should be temporarily stopped. If they are stopped, the rectal walls relax, until another mass-movement initiates another defecation reflex.
[0132] Patients with supra-sacral spinal cord injuries typically have no voluntary control over the micturition, defecation and ejaculatory processes. For example, after spinal cord injury (SCI) incontinence occurs frequently due to detrusor overactivity. Meanwhile, the bladder also does not empty well due to detrusor sphincter dyssynergia (DSD) resulting in a large residual volume of urine. Thus, the management of bladder function after SCI is a challenging task, because it requires inhibition of detrusor overactivity during urine storage and induction of a large amplitude bladder contraction at the same time relaxation of the EUS to empty the bladder. Current treatment for bladder dysfunction after SCI has either limited success or requires major invasive spinal surgery to implant stimulating electrodes on spinal roots. Intermittent urethral catheterization is the most common method for managing urinary tract dysfunction. However, it can lead to frequent bladder infections. Methods and devices disclosed herein may be of particular use in individuals with SCI, as the methods can be utilized to assist in control of micturition and defecation, without the concern that the super-threshold stimulation would result in undesirable pain.
[0133] Also provided herein is a method of controlling micturition and/or defecation. The method includes applying a first electrical stimulation to the left pudendal nerve or branches thereof and a second electrical stimulation to the right pudendal nerve or branches thereof of a patient. The first and second electrical stimulation can be of an intensity that is greater than an excitation threshold of the pudendal nerve, and can include any parameters and characteristics disclosed herein as being suitable for providing nerve block by LFBS. The stimulation can be applied for a length of time sufficient to produce a conduction block of both pudendal nerves either during or after ending the first and/or second electrical stimulation, thereby inhibiting contraction of the external urethral sphincter (EUS) and/or external anal sphincter (EAS).
[0134] Following the block, or during the blocking stimulation, when the EUS/EAS is relaxed, a third electrical stimulation to the left or right pudendal nerve can be applied at a location central to the blocked pudendal nerve site to induce bladder or colon/rectal contraction. Alternatively, again either during or immediately after ending the first and/or second electrical stimulation when the EUS/EAS is relaxed, a third electrical stimulation can be applied to a sacral spinal root (S1, S2, S3, or S4) to induce bladder or colon/rectal contraction. Alternatively, again either during or immediately after ending the first and/or second electrical stimulation when the EUS/EAS is relaxed, a third electrical stimulation can be applied to the spinal cord by epidural electrodes, or skin surface electrodes or electromagnetic coils to induce bladder or colon/rectal contraction.
[0135] Alternatively, again either during or immediately after ending the first and/or second electrical stimulation when the EUS/EAS is relaxed, applying a third electrical stimulation to pelvic nerve to induce bladder or colon/rectal contraction. Alternatively, and again either during or immediately after ending the first and/or second electrical stimulation and during the EUS/EAS relaxation, pressure can be applied to the abdominal area to produce bladder or colon/rectal pressure. With regard to the steps involving stimulation, devices as described herein (discussed below) can include memory having programming instructions stored thereon, the programming instructions causing a processor to perform (through control of, e.g., a pulse generator) the various stimulations described above.
[0136] Also disclosed herein is a method of controlling micturition and/or defecation in a patient by applying first electrical stimulation to either left or right pudendal nerve or branches thereof of a subject, wherein the electrical stimulation is of an intensity that is greater than an excitation threshold of the pudendal nerve for a length of time sufficient to produce a block of pudendal nerve conduction either during or after ending the electrical stimulation, thereby inhibiting contraction of the external urethral sphincter (EUS) and/or external anal sphincter (EAS). The method further includes, either during or immediately after ending the first electrical stimulation when the EUS/EAS is relaxed, applying a second electrical stimulation to the same side of the blocked pudendal nerve at a location central to the blocked pudendal nerve site to induce bladder or colon/rectal contraction. Alternatively, and either during or immediately after ending the first electrical stimulation when the EUS/EAS is relaxed, a second electrical stimulation can be applied to a sacral spinal root (S1, S2, S3, or S4) to induce bladder or colon/rectal contraction. Alternatively, and again either during or immediately after ending the first electrical stimulation when the EUS/EAS is relaxed, a second electrical stimulation can be applied to the spinal cord by epidural electrodes, or skin surface electrodes or electromagnetic coils to induce bladder or colon/rectal contraction. Alternatively, and again either during or immediately after ending the first electrical stimulation when the EUS/EAS is relaxed, a second electrical stimulation can be applied to the pelvic nerve to induce bladder or colon/rectal contraction. Alternatively, and again either during or immediately after ending the electrical stimulation when the EUS/EAS is relaxed, pressure can be applied to the abdominal area to produce bladder or colon/rectal pressure. With regard to the steps involving stimulation, devices as described herein (discussed below) can include memory having programming instructions stored thereon, the programming instructions causing a processor to perform (through control of, e.g., a pulse generator) the various stimulations described above.
[0137] While urological and gastrointestinal processes are exemplified above, those of skill in the art will appreciate that the methods and devices described herein can be useful for treating other systems/processes where blockage of nerve conduction may prevent, improve, resolve, or reverse a condition or disease. For example, and without limitation, blockage of conduction of afferent pain fibers, blockage of the splanchnic nerve for treating heart failure (see Fidum et al., Splanchnic nerve block for acute heart failure, Circulation, 2018, Vol. 138, pp. 951-53) and blockage of conduction of the vagus nerve for treating obesity (see San et al., The EMPOWER Study: Randomized, prospective, double-blind, multicenter trial of vagal blockage to induce weight loss in morbid obesity, Obes Surg, 2012) can be achieved with the devices and methods disclosed herein.
[0138] Also provided herein are devices and systems for applying super-threshold stimulation in a manner sufficient to induce post-stimulation nerve/neuron block.
[0139] A benefit of the present methods, and the use of super-threshold stimulation, is the option to utilize one or more leads that need not be cuffed (e.g., need not be placed on a nerve or neuron, but instead may be placed merely in proximity to the nerve or neuron of interest). Conductive leads 30, 35 can be directly wired to power supply/pulse generator 20, or may each comprise multiple leads and electrical connectors, fasteners, terminals, or clips to produce a contiguous electrical connection between the power supply/pulse generator 20 and the end of the leads. One or more leads for grounding the circuit (not shown) can also be provided, and can be attached to the patient's body. Skin 38 is also shown, and as such the device 10 is external and can be a hand-held or body-worn device—held in place by a belt or strap, such as by a hook and loop fastener band, though optionally, the device 10 can be an implantable device (described in more detail below). In
[0140]
[0141]
[0142] The devices of
[0143] Referring to
[0144] In some examples, the controller includes a program, code, a set of instructions, or some combination thereof, executable by the processor for independently or collectively instructing the device to interact and operate as programmed, referred to herein as “programming instructions”. In some examples, the controller is configured to issue instructions to the power supply/pulse generator to initiate super-threshold electrical pulses, and to control output parameters of the power supply in a manner sufficient to induce nerve/neuron block, optionally post-stimulation block, as described throughout this disclosure (e.g., super-threshold stimulation, altering stimulation parameters once block has been achieved, and the like). Those of skill in the art will appreciate that a processor associated with a device 10, 110 disclosed herein can be programmed to deliver suitable super-threshold stimulation as described generally throughout this disclosure. In any case, the controller is configured to receive and process electrical pulse parameters, either programmed into the device or from an external source, and optionally to output data obtained from the power supply as feedback to determine if the power supply is producing a desired output. Processing can include applying filters and other techniques for removing signal artifacts, noise, baseline waveforms, or other items from captured signals to improve readability.
[0145] Further to the above, the device 10, 110 can include programming instructions that, when executed by the processor 140, cause the power supply/pulse generator 120 to apply electrical stimulation at an intensity at or above an excitation threshold of the nerve/neuron (e.g., at or above −55 mV) for a time sufficient to cause a block and/or a post-stimulation block in the nerve or neuron, or to deliver a physiological outcome as described above. Useful parameters are described above, but can include stimulation at, for example and without limitation, 100 Hz, 500 Hz, 1 kHz, from 1 Hz to less than 4 kHz or from 1 Hz to 1.5 kHz, from 1 Hz to 1.3 kHz, from 100 Hz to 1.5 kHz, from 100 Hz to 500 Hz, from 500 Hz to 1.5 kHz, all values subranges therebetween inclusive, at an intensity of, for example and without limitation, 1 mA, 3 mA, 9 mA, 12 mA, 15 mA, or from 0.1 mA to 50 mA, for a duration of seconds to days, all subranges therebetween inclusive for all parameters.
[0146] As also described previously, the processor 140 can thereafter instruct the power source/pulse generator 120 to apply a first decreased or increased intensity and/or frequency electrical stimulation following initiation of block. The controller can be programmed or configured to, once block of nerve conduction or neuron excitation is achieved, instruct the pulse generator to change the intensity and/or frequency of the electrical stimulation. Various sensors and devices can be utilized to determine whether block has been achieved. For example, as described above and illustrated in the examples below, a device can include more than one contact or lead. One of the contacts/leads can be located proximally of the blocking contact/lead, and blocking can be determined by whether a stimulation pulse applied proximally of the block results in transmission of an action potential distally of the location of the blocking contact/lead.
[0147] A device 10, 110 can include multiple channels and multiple electrode leads/contacts, to provide a blocking stimulation and an excitatory stimulation, such that the device 10, 110 can, through application of stimuli at various times, locations, and intensities, induce micturition, defecation, and/or retention. Stimulation parameters and electrode lead/contact placement for inducing such physiological actions are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 9,623,243, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. Briefly however, for example and without limitation a device 10, 110 as described herein, whether implanted, wearable, or otherwise disposed externally, can include multiple channels, one (or more) channels for providing a blocking stimulation as described herein, and one (or more) channels for providing a stimulation that causes, for example and without limitation, contraction of the EUS or the anal sphincter (e.g., stimulation at 0.5 Hz to 15 Hz) and/or contraction of the bladder or colon/rectum (e.g., 15 Hz to 50 Hz), such that the device can control micturition and/or defecation. Device 10, 110 can include multiple channels for providing a blocking stimulation as described herein, for example, and without limitation, to bilateral pudendal nerves (e.g., two branches of the pudendal nerve on contralateral sides of the body). A device 10, 110 useful for such treatment, e.g., a device having three output channels as described in U.S. Pat. No. 9,623,243, can be used in a method including applying an electrical signal to a pudendal nerve or a branch thereof of a patient at a first point on the pudendal nerve or branch thereof, the electrical signal having an amplitude and frequency able to create a reflex that results in one or both of bladder contractions and rectal contractions; and applying a super-threshold electrical blocking signal (as described herein) distal to the first point on the pudendal nerve of the patient or a branch thereof and/or on a contralateral pudendal nerve or branch thereof, the blocking electrical signal having an amplitude and frequency able to block pudendal nerve conduction for inhibiting contraction of one or both of the external urethral sphincter and anal sphincter of the patient. The stopping and starting of the stimulation can be repeated multiple times to induce bladder or colon/rectal contraction when the pudendal nerves are blocked and the EUS and/or anal sphincter is relaxed, until the bladder or colon is fully emptied.
Example 1
Materials and Methods
[0148] Nine cats (5 males and 4 females; 3.3-4.2 kg; Marshall BioResources, North Rose, N.Y., USA) were anesthetized by isoflurane (2-5% oxygen) during surgery and switched to α-chloralose anesthesia (initial 65 mg/kg i.v. with supplemental as needed) during data collection. The right cephalic vein was catheterized for administration of fluid or anesthetics. The airway was kept patent by a tracheotomy. A catheter was inserted into the right carotid artery to monitor the blood pressure. A pulse oximeter (9847V; NONIN Medical, Plymouth, Minn.) was attached to the tongue to monitor the heart rate and blood oxygen.
[0149] Via an abdominal incision a catheter was inserted into the distal urethra to slowly (1 ml/min) perfuse the urethra with saline and record urethral pressure increase caused by contractions of external urethral sphincter (EUS) that was induced by pudendal nerve stimulation (
Results
[0150]
Discussion
[0151] The results presented here show that LFBS, delivered at an intensity above the excitation threshold of a nerve or neuron (e.g., 5T, 10T, 20T, 30T, 40T, 50T), can quickly induce blocking and post-stimulation block in the nerve or neuron.
Example 2
Materials and Methods
Experimental Protocol
[0152] A total of 10 cats (5 females and 5 males, 2.9-3.7 kg) were used in this study. The animals were anesthetized initially with isoflurane (2-5% in oxygen) during surgery and then switched to alpha-chloralose anesthesia (initial dose 65 mg/kg i.v. followed by supplemental doses as needed) during data collection. The right cephalic vein was catheterized for intravenous administration of fluid and drugs. A midline anterior cervical incision was used to access the airway, which was kept patent via tracheostomy. The right carotid artery was catheterized for monitoring arterial blood pressure. Oxygen saturation and heart rate were measured via a pulse oximeter (9847V, NONIN Medical, Plymouth, Minn.) attached to the tongue. Through an abdominal incision, the ureters were isolated, cut, and drained externally. A catheter was inserted into the urethra via a small incision in the proximal urethra. The catheter was connected to a syringe pump (SP200i; World Precision Instruments, Sarasota, Fla.) and a pressure transducer (BLPR2, World Precision Instruments) via a three-way stopcock to slowly (1 ml/min) perfuse the urethra and measure the urethral pressure increase caused by neutrally evoked contractions of the external urethral sphincter (EUS) (
Stimulation Protocol
[0153] The intensity threshold to block pudendal nerve conduction was determined at the beginning of every experiment by applying 10 kHz HFBS for 50-60 seconds at an increasing intensity starting from 1 mA with 1 mA increments. The minimal intensity for 10 kHz HFBS to completely suppress the urethral pressure induced by stimulation at Stim.C was determined as the block threshold (T) (see
Data Analysis
[0154] The recovery period was defined as the time period required for the EUS contraction pressure to reach >90% of the pre-stimulation pressure (
Results
[0155] At the beginning of each experiment the urethral pressure responses indicating EUS contractions induced by electrical stimulation (30 Hz intermittent, 5 secs on and 55 secs off) of the pudendal nerve at sites central (Stim C) and distal (Stim D) to the blocking electrode (Stim B) (
[0156] The search protocol to determine the minimal stimulation intensity and duration required to induce a complete post-LFBS block after 1 kHz stimulation is shown in
Discussion
[0157] This study in cats discovered that post-stimulation block of pudendal nerve conduction could be induced by LFBS at a frequency less than 1 kHz (
[0158] The post-LFBS block is fully reversible, which indicates that the nerve is likely not damaged by the LFBS. Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that the post-LFBS block is caused by alteration of the ionic mechanisms underlying axonal conduction. Previous computer simulation studies revealed that each stimulus pulse of the biphasic stimulation waveform can generate an inward sodium current and an outward potassium current. Therefore, it is reasonable to expect that the intracellular and extracellular ion concentrations must be changed dramatically as the LFBS continues. When LFBS is terminated, these large changes in ion concentrations must disrupt the normal transmembrane ionic gradients necessary for the generation of the action potential and cause nerve conduction block. As the transmembrane ion pumps gradually restore the normal intracellular and extracellular ion concentrations, the post-LFBS block will slowly disappear and the nerve conduction will be restored. This mechanism revealed by computer simulation studies can explain very well the post-LFBS block observed in current study. It is worth noting that the LFBS induced a tonic EUS contraction during the stimulation but blocked the nerve conduction after the stimulation (
[0159] It is also important to note that at a lower frequency each stimulus pulse of the biphasic stimulation waveform (see
[0160] Although the minimal stimulation duration for producing post-LFBS block is frequency dependent, the nerve blocks induced by different LFBS frequencies have a similar time course for recovery (
[0161] The LFBS always produces tonic nerve firing during stimulation before it can induce a post-LFBS block (
[0162] In summary, this study discovered a novel method to block nerve conduction using a biphasic stimulation waveform of a low (≤1 kHz) frequency. The results confirmed that post-stimulation block can be induced not only by HFBS (≥5 kHz) but also by LFBS (≤1 kHz), supporting the theory that ion concentration changes may play an important role in nerve conduction block by biphasic stimulation waveform. The post-LFBS block could be used in many clinical applications where initial tonic nerve firing is acceptable, providing opportunities to develop new neuromodulation devices.
Example 3
Materials and Methods
[0163] The experiment setup as shown in
Results
[0164] As shown in
Discussion
[0165] The results presented here show that a bipolar/tripolar cuff electrode, which is highly invasive in terms of needing access in order to surround, or at least partially surround, a nerve is not required to deliver LFBS. Rather, a simple electrode lead, placed in proximity to a nerve of interest (e.g., the pudendal nerve), can provide blocking, with post-stimulation blocking, to deliver the therapeutic effects discussed herein.
[0166] Although the methods and devices have been described in detail for the purpose of illustration based on what is currently considered to be the most practical and preferred embodiments, it is to be understood that such detail is solely for that purpose and that the systems and methods are not limited to the disclosed embodiments, but on the contrary, is intended to cover modifications and equivalent arrangements that are within the spirit and scope of the appended claims. For example, it is to be understood that the present systems and methods contemplate that, to the extent possible, one or more features of any embodiment can be combined with one or more features of any other embodiment.