Electrochemical cell casing having an open-ended main body portion of grade 5 or 23 titanium closed by upper and lower lids of grade 1 or 2 titanium

Abstract

An electrochemical cell, preferably a secondary, rechargeable cell, including a casing comprised of a main body portion having opposed lower and upper open ends closed by respective lower and upper lids is described. The main body portion is composed of titanium Grades 5 or 23 having a relatively high electrical resistivity material while the lower and upper lids are composed of titanium Grades 1 or 2. The lids are preferably joined to the main body portion using laser welding. The combination of these differing titanium alloys provides a cell casing that effectively retards eddy current induced heating during cell recharging.

Claims

1. An electrochemical cell, comprising: a) a casing, comprising: i) a main body portion formed of Grade 5 titanium or Grade 23 titanium, the main body portion comprising a sidewall extending to a first open end and a second open end; ii) a first lid of Grade 1 titanium or Grade 2 titanium, the first lid being sized and shaped to close the first open end of the main body portion, wherein a first weld secures the first lid to the sidewall at the first open end thereof; and iii) a second lid of Grade 1 titanium or Grade 2 titanium, the second lid being sized and shaped to close the second open end of the main body portion, wherein a second weld secures the second lid to the sidewall at the second open end thereof; and b) an electrode assembly comprising an anode and a cathode separated from direct physical contact by a separator, wherein the electrode assembly resides within the casing; and c) an electrolyte provided in the casing to activate the electrode assembly.

2. The electrochemical cell of claim 1, wherein the casing sidewall has a constant thickness extending to the spaced apart first and second open ends.

3. The electrochemical cell of claim 1, wherein the first and second welds securing the first and second lids to the main body portion are capable of withstanding a burst pressure that ranges from about 800 psi to about 1,500 psi.

4. The electrochemical cell of claim 1, of either a primary or a secondary chemistry.

5. The electrochemical cell of claim 1, wherein the first and second welds have respective Vickers micro hardnesses ranging from about 150 (HK100) to about 350 (HK100).

6. An electrochemical cell, comprising: a) a casing, comprising: i) a main body portion formed of a first conductive material, the main body portion comprising a sidewall extending to an upper open end and a lower open end; ii) a lower lid of a second conductive material, wherein the lower lid fits inside the sidewall of the main body portion at the lower open end thereof with a first weld securing the lower lid to the sidewall thereof; and iii) an upper lid of a third conductive material, wherein the upper lid is supported on an upper edge of the sidewall of the main body portion with a second weld securing the upper lid to the sidewall thereof; and b) an electrode assembly comprising an anode and a cathode separated from direct physical contact by a separator, wherein the electrode assembly resides within the casing; and c) an electrolyte provided in the casing to activate the electrode assembly.

7. The electrochemical cell of claim 6, wherein the upper lid has spaced apart upper and lower faces extending to a peripheral edge, and wherein the peripheral edge has a radiused portion meeting the upper face and a cylindrical portion meeting the lower face.

8. The electrochemical cell of claim 6, wherein the first and second welds have respective Vickers micro hardnesses ranging from about 150 (HK100) to about 350 (HK100).

9. The electrochemical cell of claim 6, wherein the first and second welds securing the lower and upper lids to the main body portion are each capable of withstanding a burst pressure that ranges from about 800 psi to about 1,500 psi.

10. The electrochemical cell of claim 6, of either a primary or a secondary chemistry.

11. The electrochemical cell of claim 6, of a primary chemistry having the anode of lithium and the cathode of a cathode active material selected from the group consisting of a carbonaceous material, a fluorinated carbon, a metal, a metal oxide, a mixed metal oxide, a metal sulfide, and mixtures thereof.

12. The electrochemical cell of claim 6, wherein one of the anode and the cathode is electrically connected to a terminal lead supported in one of the lower and upper lids, the terminal lead being electrically insulated from the casing, and wherein the other of the anode and cathode is electrically connected to the casing.

13. The electrochemical cell of claim 6, of a secondary chemistry having the anode of a carbonaceous material and the cathode of a cathode active material selected from the group consisting of LiNiO.sub.2, LiMn.sub.2O.sub.4, LiCoO.sub.2, LiCo.sub.0.92Sn.sub.0.08O.sub.2, LiCo.sub.1-xNi.sub.xO.sub.2, LiFePO.sub.4, LiNi.sub.xMn.sub.yCo.sub.1-x-yO.sub.2, and LiNi.sub.xCo.sub.yAl.sub.1-x-yO.sub.2.

14. An electrochemical cell, comprising: a) a casing, comprising: i) a main body portion formed of Grade 5 titanium or Grade 23 titanium, the main body portion comprising a sidewall extending to a first open end and a second open end; ii) a first lid of Grade 1 titanium or Grade 2 titanium, the first lid being sized and shaped to close the first open end of the main body portion, wherein a first weld secures the first lid to the sidewall at the first open end thereof; and iii) a second lid of Grade 1 titanium or Grade 2 titanium, the second lid being sized and shaped to close the second open end of the main body portion, wherein a second weld secures the second lid to the sidewall at the second open end thereof; and b) a feedthrough supported by one of the first and second lids, the feedthrough comprising a terminal pin that is electrically insulated from the one of the first and second lids by a glass-to-metal seal; c) an electrode assembly comprising an anode and a cathode separated from direct physical contact by a separator, wherein the electrode assembly resides within the casing with the anode being electrically and mechanically connected to the casing and the cathode being electrically and mechanically connected to the terminal pin of the feedthrough; and d) an electrolyte provided in the casing to activate the electrode assembly.

15. The electrochemical cell of claim 14, wherein the first lid has spaced apart upper and lower faces extending to a peripheral edge, and wherein the peripheral edge has a radiused portion meeting the upper face and a cylindrical portion meeting the lower face of the first lid, and wherein with the first lid secured to the sidewall of the main body portion of the casing to thereby close the first open end, the cylindrical portion is substantially aligned with an outer surface of the sidewall.

16. The electrochemical cell of claim 14, of either a primary or a secondary chemistry.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a conventional electrochemical cell 10.

(2) FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view illustrating an exemplary electrochemical cell 50 comprising an enclosure or casing according to one embodiment of the present invention.

(3) FIG. 3 is a top view of a lid 56 according to the present invention.

(4) FIG. 3A is a side view of one embodiment of an enclosure body 54 for an electrochemical cell according to the present invention.

(5) FIG. 4 illustrates a perspective view of the lid 56 being joined to the enclosure body 54 of the electrochemical cell 50.

(6) FIG. 5 is a micrograph showing the microstructure of the weld between a lid composed of Grade 5 titanium and an enclosure body composed of Grade 5 titanium.

(7) FIG. 6 is a micrograph showing the microstructure of a weld between a lid composed of Grade 2 titanium and an enclosure body composed of Grade 5 titanium.

(8) FIG. 7 is a side elevational view of an open main body portion 110 for a casing according to another embodiment of the present invention.

(9) FIG. 8 is a plan view of a lower lid 112 for closing the lower open end of the main body portion 110 shown in FIG. 7.

(10) FIG. 9 is a plan view, partly broken away, of an upper lid 114 for closing the upper open end of the main body portion 110 shown in FIG. 7.

(11) FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view, partly broken away, showing the lower lid 112 fit inside the lower open end of the sidewall 116 of the main body portion 110 shown in FIG. 7.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

(12) Referring now to FIG. 2, there is shown an exemplary electrochemical cell 50 comprising an enclosure or casing 52 according to the present invention comprising two dissimilar titanium alloys. Specifically, the casing 52 comprises an open-ended container 54 and a lid 56 that are joined together. In a preferred embodiment, the open-ended container 54 is composed of a relatively high electrical resistivity material such as Grade 5 titanium or Grade 23 titanium and the lid 56 is composed of a more ductile material such as Grade 1 titanium or Grade 2 titanium.

(13) Within the casing 52 resides at least one of an anode 58 and a cathode 60 prevented from direct physical contact with each other by a suitable separator to thereby provide an electrode assembly 62. The anode and cathode 58, 60 are activated by an electrolyte (not shown) filled into the casing 52.

(14) In a first embodiment of the present invention, the open-ended container 54 of the casing 52 comprises a sidewall 64 that encompasses an enclosure space 66 there within. The sidewall 64 extends from a bottom wall 68 to an upper open end 70.

(15) In the embodiment shown in FIG. 4, the open-ended container 54 of the casing 52 may have a curved cross-section. Alternatively, the open-ended container 54 may comprise a cross-section of a shape that is rectangular, elliptical or circular. In a preferred embodiment, the open-ended container 54 has a body height 72 ranging from about 0.5 inches to about 2 inches, a body width 74 ranging from about 0.1 inches to about 0.5 inches, and a body depth 76 (FIG. 4) ranging from about 0.5 inches to about 2.0 inches. In addition, the open-ended container 54 comprises a body sidewall thickness 78 ranging from about 0.01 inches to about 0.10 inches. The thickness of the sidewall 64 is designed to reduce the occurrence of eddy current heating.

(16) The lid 56 of the casing 52 is designed to cover and seal the open end 70 of the container 54. In an embodiment, the lid 56 is of an elongated length 80 with curved ends 82 (FIG. 3). Preferably, the ends 82 of the lid 56 have a radius of curvature 84 ranging from about 0.01 inches to about 2.0 inches. Alternatively, the ends of the lid 56 may be non-curved with a rectangular or square end. These curved ends 82, which are joined to the body portion of the casing 52, reduce mechanical stresses and provide a more robust design.

(17) In a preferred embodiment, the length 80 of the lid 56 ranges from about 0.5 inches to about 2 inches, a lid width 86 ranges from about 0.1 inches to about 0.5 inches, and a lid thickness 88 ranges from about 0.01 inches to about 0.25 inches.

(18) As previously mentioned, the open-ended container and lid 54, 56 are comprised of biocompatible conductive materials. In a preferred embodiment, the open-ended container 54 is composed of a material of a relatively high electrical resistivity. Preferably, the electrical resistivity of the open-ended container 54 ranges from about 1.010.sup.4 ohm-cm to about 2.010.sup.1 ohm-cm measured at about 37 C. Most preferably, the open-ended container 54 of the casing 52 is composed of Grade 5 titanium or Grade 23 titanium.

(19) In comparison, lid 56 of the casing 52 is composed of a biocompatible material that is relatively more ductile, i.e. of a material that is not as hard as the material comprising the open-ended container 54. Preferably, the lid 56 is composed of a material having a Vickers hardness (HK100) value ranging from 100 to 300. Most preferably, the lid 56 is composed of Grade 1 titanium or Grade 2 titanium.

(20) Grade 1 titanium, as defined by ASTM specification B348, is a conductive material of a composition comprising the following weight percentages: carbon (C) less than about 0.10, iron (Fe) less than about 0.20, hydrogen (H) less than about 0.015, nitrogen (N) less than about 0.03, oxygen (O) less than about 0.18, the remainder comprising titanium (Ti).

(21) Grade 2 titanium, as defined by ASTM specification B348, is a conductive material of a composition comprising the following weight percentages: carbon (C) less than about 0.10, iron (Fe) less than about 0.30, hydrogen (H) less than about 0.015, nitrogen (N) less than about 0.03, oxygen (O) less than about 0.25, the remainder comprising titanium (Ti).

(22) Grade 5 titanium, as defined by ASTM 5348, is a conductive material of a composition comprising the following weight percentages: carbon (C) less than about 0.10, iron (Fe) less than about 0.40, hydrogen (H) less than about 0.015, nitrogen (N) less than about 0.05, oxygen (O) less than about 0.20, vanadium (V) ranging from about 3.5 to about 4.5, the remainder comprising titanium (Ti).

(23) Grade 23 titanium, as defined by ASTM B348, is a conductive material of a composition comprising the following weight percentages: carbon (C) less than about 0.08, iron (Fe) less than about 0.25, nitrogen (N) less than about 0.05, oxygen (O) less than about 0.2, aluminum (Al) ranging from about 5.5 to about 6.76, vanadium (V) ranging from about 3.5 to about 4.5, hydrogen (H) less than about 0.015, the remainder titanium (Ti).

(24) Grade 1 titanium has an electrical resistivity of about 4.510.sup.5 ohm-cm at about 37 C. and Grade 2 titanium has an electrical resistivity of about 5.210.sup.5 ohm-cm at about 37 C. In comparison, Grade 5 titanium has an electrical resistivity of about 1.7810.sup.4 ohm-cm at about 37 C. and Grade 23 titanium has an electrical resistivity of about 1.7110.sup.1 ohm-cm at about 37 C. (ASM Material Properties Handbook: Titanium Alloys, Rodney Boyer, Gerhard Weisch, and E. W. Collings, p. 180, 497-498, 2003). As given by the data above, Grade 5 titanium and Grade 23 titanium have respective electrical resistivities that are greater than those of Grade 1 titanium and Grade 2 titanium.

(25) Once the open-ended container 54 and lid 56 are formed to the desired form and dimensions, the lid 56 is positioned over the top open end 70 of the open-ended container 54. Thus, the positioning of the lid 56 with the open-ended container 54 seals the enclosure space 66 there within. Alternatively, the lid 56 may be positioned at the bottom end of the open-ended container 54 of the casing 52, sealing the enclosure space 66 there within, if desired.

(26) Prior to joining the lid 56 to the open-ended container 54, the electrode assembly 62 is positioned within the enclosure space 66 of the open-ended container 54. Once the electrode assembly 62 is appropriately positioned there within, the lid 56 is fit over the opening of the open-ended container 54. In a preferred embodiment, the outer perimeter of the lid 56 is positioned within an interior body perimeter formed by the interior wall surface of the open-ended container 54. Alternatively, the lid 56 may be positioned such that the bottom surface of the lid 56 contacts the sidewall of the open-ended container 54.

(27) As shown in FIG. 4, the lid 56 is joined to the open-ended container 54 by welding. In a preferred embodiment, a laser beam 90 emanating from a laser weld instrument 92 is focused between the perimeter of the lid 56 and an inner perimeter of the sidewall for the open-ended container 54 to thereby form a weld 94 therebetween. Alternatively, other joining methods such as resistance welding, arc welding, magnetic pulse welding, or soldering may be used to join the lid 56 to the open-ended container 54. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that conventional welding parameters may be used in joining the two portions 54, 56 together.

(28) FIGS. 5 and 6 illustrate embodiments of the microstructure of the weld 94 between the lid and open-ended container 56, 54 of the casing 52. Specifically, FIG. 5 shows the microstructure of a laser weld 94 formed between a lid 56 and the open-ended container 54 when both are of Grade 5 titanium. FIG. 6 shows the microstructure of the weld 94 formed between the lid 56 comprised of Grade 1 titanium and the open-ended container 54 comprised of Grade 5 titanium. More specifically, FIG. 6 shows the microstructure of a laser weld 94 formed between the Grade 1 titanium lid 56 and the Grade 5 titanium open-ended container 54.

(29) As can be seen in the micrograph of FIG. 5, the microstructure exhibits a mirror planes area 96 inter-dispersed with titanium grain structures 98. In comparison, the microstructure shown in FIG. 6 exhibits a random titanium grain structure, which is structurally stronger in terms of its tensile strength than the mirror planes of FIG. 5.

(30) A series of micro-hardness measurements were taken of the welds shown in FIGS. 5 and 6. Table I shown below details the micro-hardness measurements of the respective welds 94.

(31) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE I Body Portion Lid Portion Weld Joint HK100 Hardness Hardness Hardness Grade 5 Ti Body 350-400 320-440 410-440 Grade 5 Ti Lid Grade 5 Ti Body 350-400 100-200 220-320 Grade 1 Ti Lid

(32) As shown above, the micro-hardness measurements of the weld between the Grade 5 titanium open-ended container 54 and Grade 1 titanium lid 56 shown in FIG. 6 are lower in comparison to the micro-hardness measurements of the weld between the Grade 5 titanium open-ended container and lid 54, 56 shown in FIG. 5. As shown by the data above, the weld between the open-ended container 54 and the lid 56 composed of titanium Grades 5 and 1, respectively, are less brittle and therefore more robust than the weld between the Grade 5 titanium open-ended container and lid 54, 56.

(33) Based on the above measured micro-hardness values, a weld between Grade 5 titanium or Grade 23 titanium to that of Grade 1 titanium or Grade 2 titanium is preferred to that of a weld between two pieces of Grade 5 titanium. As shown above, a weld, specifically a laser weld, formed between the different grades of titanium having a difference in HK100 Vickers micro-hardnesses ranging from about 150 to 350 is preferred.

(34) In addition, a pressure test was performed which compared the strength and integrity of the different welds 94 of the cell casings 52. A total of ten casings 52 were tested. Five casings were constructed with a Grade 5 titanium open-ended container 54 closed with a Grade 5 titanium lid 56, and five casings 52 were constructed with a combination of a Grade 5 titanium open-ended container 54 and a Grade 1 titanium lid 56. A laser weld 94 was used to join and seal the lid 56 to the open-ended container 54 for all casing samples.

(35) During the test, a stream of water was introduced into the enclosure space 66 of each casing 52 until the weld 94 ruptured. The increasing pressure, in pounds per square inch (psi), was measured and the resulting rupture pressure was recorded. Results of the pressure test showed that the weld 94 between the Grade 5 titanium open-ended container 54 and the Grade 1 lid 56 withstood an average pressure of about 1,497 psi, whereas the weld 94 between the Grade 5 titanium open-ended container and lid portions 54, 56 withstood an average of about 767 psi. Thus, the casing 52 comprising the Grade 5 titanium open-ended container 54 and the Grade 1 titanium lid 56 having the greater rupture pressure is considered to be more robust than the casing 52 comprising the Grade 5 titanium body and lid 54, 56.

(36) Referring back to FIG. 2, the exemplary electrochemical cell 50 of the present invention is constructed in what is generally referred to as a case negative orientation with the anode 58 electrically connected to the container or lid 54, 56 via a anode current collector 95 while the cathode 60 is electrically connected to the terminal pin 30 via a cathode current collector 97. Alternatively, a case positive cell design may be constructed by reversing the connections. In other words, terminal pin 30 is connected to the anode 58 via the anode current collector 95 and the cathode 60 is connected to the container or lid 54, 56 via the cathode current collector 97.

(37) Both the anode current collector 95 and cathode current collector 97 are composed of an electrically conductive material. It should be noted that the electrochemical cell 50 of the present invention, as illustrated in FIG. 2, can be of either a rechargeable (secondary) or non-rechargeable (primary) chemistry of a case negative or case positive design. The specific geometry and chemistry of the electrochemical cell 50 can be of a wide variety that meets the requirements of a particular primary and/or secondary cell application.

(38) FIGS. 7 to 10 illustrate another embodiment of a casing for an electrochemical cell according to the present invention. The casing comprises a main body portion 110 having opposed open ends, a lower lid 112 and an upper lid 114. The main body portion 110 is machined from a solid bar of Grade 5 titanium or Grade 23 titanium and comprises a sidewall 116 having a thickness 118 extending to an upper open end 120 and a lower open end 122. A surrounding upper edge 116A defines the upper open end 120. A surrounding lower edge 116B defines the lower open end 122. In a broader sense, the lower lid 112 is also referred to as one of a first or second lid and the upper lid 114 is referred to as the other of the first or second lid.

(39) As shown in FIG. 8, the lower lid 112 is stamped from Grade 1 titanium or Grade 2 titanium to a size and shape to close the lower open end 122. As shown in FIG. 10, the lower lid 112 has upper and lower planar faces 112A, 112B extending to a surrounding edge 112C. To build a cell casing, the lower lid 112 is first fit into the lower open end 122 of the main body portion 110 with the surrounding lower lid edge 112C positioned inside the sidewall 116. In this position, the lower face 112B of the lower lid 112 is substantially co-planar with the lower edge 116A of the sidewall 116 of the main body portion 110. A weld (not shown) according to the present invention secures the lower lid 112 to the sidewall 116 at the lower edge 116A thereof.

(40) As shown in FIG. 9, the upper lid 114 comprises upper and lower planar faces 114A, 114B extending to a surrounding edge. The lower planar face 114B meets a substantially cylindrical portion 114C of the edge. The cylindrical portion 114C in turn meets a radiused edge portion 114D extending to the upper planar face 114A. After the previously described anode 58, cathode 60 and intermediate separator 100 forming an electrode assembly 62 are positioned inside the main body portion 110 having its lower open end closed by lower lid 112, the upper lid 114 is supported on the upper edge 116B of the casing sidewall 116. In this position, the cylindrical portion 114C is substantially aligned with an outer surface 116C of the main body portion 110. A weld (not shown) according to the present invention secures the upper lid 114 to the sidewall 116 of the main body portion 110 at the upper edge 116B thereof.

(41) The thusly formed casing including terminal connections for the anode 58 and cathode 60 as described herein is then activated with a suitable electrolyte filled into the casing through a fill opening, for example the fill opening 24 shown in FIG. 1. The fill opening 24 is then closed with a closure means 28 to thereby hermetically seal the casing.

(42) A primary electrochemical cell that possesses sufficient energy density and discharge capacity for the rigorous requirements of implantable medical devices comprises a lithium anode or its alloys, for example, LiSi, LiAl, LiB and LiSiB. The form of the anode may vary, but preferably it is of a thin sheet or foil pressed or rolled on a metallic anode current collector 95.

(43) The cathode of a primary cell is of electrically conductive material, preferably a solid material. The solid cathode may comprise a metal element, a metal oxide, a mixed metal oxide, and a metal sulfide, and combinations thereof. A preferred cathode active material is selected from the group consisting of silver vanadium oxide, copper silver vanadium oxide, manganese dioxide, cobalt nickel, nickel oxide, copper oxide, copper sulfide, iron sulfide, iron disulfide, titanium disulfide, copper vanadium oxide, and mixtures thereof.

(44) Before fabrication into an electrode for incorporation into an electrochemical cell, the cathode active material is mixed with a binder material such as a powdered fluoro-polymer, more preferably powdered polytetrafluoroethylene or powdered polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) present at about 1 to about 5 weight percent of the cathode mixture. Further, up to about 10 weight percent of a conductive diluent is preferably added to the cathode mixture to improve conductivity. Suitable materials for this purpose include acetylene black, carbon black and/or graphite or a metallic powder such as powdered nickel, aluminum, titanium and stainless steel. The preferred cathode active mixture thus includes a powdered fluoro-polymer binder present at about 3 weight percent, a conductive diluent present at about 3 weight percent, and about 94 weight percent of the cathode active material.

(45) The cathode 60 may be prepared by rolling, spreading or pressing the cathode active mixture onto a suitable cathode current collector 97. Cathodes prepared as described above are preferably in the form of a strip wound with a corresponding strip of anode material in a structure similar to a jellyroll or a flat-folded electrode stack.

(46) In order to prevent internal short circuit conditions, the cathode 60 is separated from the anode 58 by a separator 100. The separator 100 is preferably made of a fabric woven from fluoropolymeric fibers including polyvinylidine fluoride, polyethylenetetrafluoroethylene, and polyethylenechlorotrifluoroethylene used either alone or laminated with a fluoropolymeric microporous film, non-woven glass, polypropylene, polyethylene, glass fiber materials, ceramics, polytetrafluoroethylene membrane commercially available under the designation ZITEX (Chemplast Inc.), polypropylene membrane commercially available under the designation CELGARD (Celanese Plastic Company, Inc.), and a membrane commercially available under the designation DEXIGLAS (C. H. Dexter, Div., Dexter Corp.).

(47) A primary electrochemical cell includes a nonaqueous, ionically conductive electrolyte having an inorganic, ionically conductive salt dissolved in a nonaqueous solvent and, more preferably, a lithium salt dissolved in a mixture of a low viscosity solvent and a high permittivity solvent. The salt serves as the vehicle for migration of the anode ions to intercalate or react with the cathode active material and suitable salts include LiPF.sub.6, LiBF.sub.4, LiAsF.sub.6, LiSbF.sub.6, LiClO.sub.4, LiO.sub.2, LiAlCl.sub.4, LiGaCl.sub.4, LiC(SO.sub.2CF.sub.3).sub.3, LiN (SO.sub.2CF.sub.3).sub.2, LiSCN, LiO.sub.3SCF.sub.3, LiC.sub.6F.sub.5SO.sub.3, LiO.sub.2CCF.sub.3, LiSO.sub.6F, LiB (C.sub.6H.sub.5).sub.4/LiCF.sub.3SO.sub.3, and mixtures thereof.

(48) Suitable low viscosity solvents include esters, linear and cyclic ethers and dialkyl carbonates such as tetrahydrofuran (THE), methyl acetate (MA), diglyme, trigylme, tetragylme, dimethyl carbonate (DMC), 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME), 1,2-diethoxyethane (DEE), 1-ethoxy,2-methoxyethane (EME), ethyl methyl carbonate, methyl propyl carbonate, ethyl propyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, dipropyl carbonate, and mixtures thereof. High permittivity solvents include cyclic carbonates, cyclic esters and cyclic amides such as propylene carbonate (PC), ethylene carbonate (EC), butylene carbonate, acetonitrile, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethyl, formamide, dimethyl acetamide, -valerolactone, -butyrolactone (GBL), N-methyl-pyrrolidinone (NMP), and mixtures thereof. The preferred electrolyte for a lithium primary cell is 0.8M to 1.5M LiAsF.sub.6 or LiPF.sub.6 dissolved in a 50:50 mixture, by volume, of PC as the preferred high permittivity solvent and DME as the preferred low viscosity solvent.

(49) By way of example, in an illustrative case negative primary electrochemical cell, the active material of cathode is silver vanadium oxide as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,310,609 and 4,391,729 to Liang et al., or copper silver vanadium oxide as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,472,810 and 5,516,340 to Takeuchi et al., all assigned to the assignee of the present invention, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

(50) In secondary electrochemical systems, the anode 58 comprises a material capable of intercalating and de-intercalating an alkali metal, and preferably lithium. A carbonaceous anode comprising any of the various forms of carbon (e.g., coke, graphite, acetylene black, carbon black, glassy carbon, etc.), which are capable of reversibly retaining the lithium species, is preferred. Graphite is particularly preferred due to its relatively high lithium-retention capacity. Regardless of the form of the carbon, fibers of the carbonaceous material are particularly advantageous because they have excellent mechanical properties that permit them to be fabricated into rigid electrodes capable of withstanding degradation during repeated charge/discharge cycling.

(51) The cathode 60 of a secondary cell preferably comprises a lithiated material that is stable in air and readily handled. Examples of such air-stable lithiated cathode materials include oxides, sulfides, selenides, and tellurides of such metals as vanadium, titanium, chromium, copper, molybdenum, niobium, iron, nickel, cobalt and manganese. The more preferred oxides include LiNiO.sub.2, LiMn.sub.2O.sub.4, LiCoO.sub.2, LiCo.sub.0.92Sn.sub.0.08O.sub.2, LiCo.sub.1-xNi.sub.xO.sub.2, LiFePO.sub.4, LiNi.sub.xMn.sub.yCo.sub.1-x-yO.sub.2, and LiNi.sub.xCo.sub.yAl.sub.1-x-yO.sub.2.

(52) The lithiated active material is preferably mixed with a conductive additive selected from acetylene black, carbon black, graphite, and powdered metals of nickel, aluminum, titanium and stainless steel. The cathode further comprises a fluoro-resin binder, preferably in a powder form, such as PTFE, PVDF, ETFE, polyamides and polyimides, and mixtures thereof.

(53) The respective current collectors 95, 97 are selected from stainless steel, titanium, tantalum, platinum, gold, aluminum, cobalt nickel alloys, highly alloyed ferritic stainless steel containing molybdenum and chromium, and nickel-, chromium- and molybdenum-containing alloys.

(54) Suitable secondary electrochemical systems are comprised of nonaqueous electrolytes of an inorganic salt dissolved in a nonaqueous solvent and more preferably an alkali metal salt dissolved in a quaternary mixture of organic carbonate solvents comprising dialkyl (non-cyclic) carbonates selected from dimethyl carbonate (DMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), dipropyl carbonate (DPC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), methyl propyl carbonate (MPC), and ethyl propyl carbonate (EPC), and mixtures thereof, and at least one cyclic carbonate selected from propylene carbonate (PC), ethylene carbonate (EC), butylene carbonate (BC), and vinylene carbonate (VC), and mixtures thereof. Organic carbonates are generally used in the electrolyte solvent system for such battery chemistries because they exhibit high oxidative stability toward cathode materials and good kinetic stability toward anode materials.

(55) The casing lids 56, 112 and 114 comprise an opening to accommodate the glass-to-metal seal/terminal pin feedthrough for the cathode. The anode or counter electrode is preferably connected to the open-ended container 54 of the casing 52 or to the lid 56 or for the embodiment shown in FIGS. 7 to 10, to the main body portion 110 or lids 112, 114. An additional opening in the respective lids is provided for electrolyte filling. The cell is thereafter filled with the electrolyte described hereinabove and hermetically sealed such as by close-welding a titanium plug over the fill hole, but not limited thereto.

(56) Now, it is therefore apparent that the present invention has many features among which are reduced manufacturing cost and construction complexity. While embodiments of the present invention have been described in detail, such is for the purpose of illustration, not limitation.