Active hydrocarbon trap for reduction of emissions from internal combustion engines using an electrically-heated catalyst

Abstract

A device for reducing emissions from an internal combustion engine having a close-coupled catalyst including an electrically-heated catalyst and a hydrocarbon trap disposed downstream of the close-coupled catalyst. The device includes a heat exchanger and a liquid water knockout disposed downstream of the close-coupled catalyst. The device includes a valve-less system configured to dynamically adjust a flow path of exhaust from the internal combustion engine through the electrically-heated catalyst and the hydrocarbon trap to reduce emissions. A method for reducing emissions including feeding an exhaust gas from the internal combustion engine to the close-coupled catalyst, producing a catalyzed exhaust gas. The method includes flowing the catalyzed exhaust gas from the close-coupled catalyst to the valve-less system.

Claims

1. A device for reducing emissions from an internal combustion engine including a close-coupled catalyst, the device comprising: a hydrocarbon trap disposed downstream of the close-coupled catalyst; an electrically-heated catalyst disposed downstream of the hydrocarbon trap, the electrically-heated catalyst including at least one electrical heating element which is controlled so as to reduce emissions in conjunction with the hydrocarbon trap; a heat exchanger disposed downstream of the close-coupled catalyst, the heat exchanger configured to heat exhaust gas of the internal combustion engine via an ambient air stream; and a liquid water knockout disposed downstream of the close-coupled catalyst.

2. The device of claim 1, further comprising: a first flow line extending from the close-coupled catalyst to the hydrocarbon trap; a second flow line extending from the hydrocarbon trap to the electrically-heated catalyst; and a third flow line extending from the electrically-heated catalyst to an ambient environment.

3. The device of claim 1, wherein the at least one electrical heating element is activated via a power source during a first period of time corresponding to a cold engine condition.

4. The device of claim 3, wherein the at least one electrical heating element is deactivated during a second period of time corresponding to a warm engine condition.

5. The device of claim 1, wherein the electrically-heated catalyst is separate from the hydrocarbon trap.

6. The device of claim 1, wherein the heat exchanger is configured to alternately operate in a heating mode and a cooling mode.

7. The device of claim 1, wherein the hydrocarbon trap contains a sorbent material, further comprising a zeolite or activated carbon.

8. The device of claim 7, wherein the sorbent material is pelletized or wash-coated onto a honeycomb-like structure of the hydrocarbon trap.

9. A method for reducing emissions from an internal combustion engine including a close-coupled catalyst and the device of claim 2, the method comprising: feeding the exhaust gas from the internal combustion engine through the close-coupled catalyst so as to produce a catalyzed exhaust gas; flowing the catalyzed exhaust gas from the close-coupled catalyst through the hydrocarbon trap so as to produce a hydrocarbon trap effluent; and heating the hydrocarbon trap effluent in the heat exchanger via the ambient air stream so as to produce a heated hydrocarbon trap effluent.

10. The method of claim 9, further comprising: during a first period of time corresponding to a cold engine condition: activating the electrically-heated catalyst; flowing the heated hydrocarbon trap effluent through the activated electrically-heated catalyst so as to produce an activated electrically-heated catalyst effluent; and ejecting the activated electrically-heated catalyst effluent from the activated electrically-heated catalyst to the ambient environment.

11. The method of claim 10, wherein the cold engine condition corresponds to an exhaust gas temperature less than 350 C.

12. The method of claim 10, wherein a temperature of the exhaust gas has is less than 350 C. during the first period of time.

13. The method of claim 10, wherein a temperature of the hydrocarbon trap effluent received by the heat exchanger during the first period of time is less than 350 C.

14. The method of claim 9, further comprising: during a second period of time corresponding to a warm engine condition: deactivating the electrically-heated catalyst; flowing the heated hydrocarbon trap effluent through the deactivated electrically-heated catalyst so as to produce a deactivated electrically-heated catalyst effluent; and ejecting the deactivated electrically-heated catalyst effluent from the deactivated electrically-heated catalyst to the ambient environment.

15. The method of claim 14, wherein the warm engine condition corresponds to an exhaust gas temperature greater than 350 C.

16. The method of claim 14, wherein a temperature of the exhaust gas is greater than 350 C. during the second period of time.

17. The method of claim 14, wherein a temperature of the hydrocarbon trap effluent received by the heat exchanger during the second period of time is greater than 350 C.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1 is a diagram of a four-valve system for reducing emissions from an internal combustion engine having a close-coupled catalyst in accordance with one or more embodiments.

(2) FIG. 2 is a diagram of a three-valve system for reducing emissions from an internal combustion engine having a close-coupled catalyst in accordance with one or more embodiments.

(3) FIG. 3 is a diagram of a two-valve of a system for reducing emissions from an internal combustion engine having a close-coupled catalyst in accordance with one or more embodiments.

(4) FIG. 4 is a diagram of a valve-less system for reducing emissions from an internal combustion engine having a close-coupled catalyst in accordance with one or more embodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(5) In one aspect, embodiments disclosed herein relate to a system for reducing emissions from an internal combustion engine containing a close-coupled catalyst, an underbody catalyst, and a separate hydrocarbon trap in a four-valve system. In another aspect, embodiments disclosed herein relate to a system for reducing emissions from an internal combustion engine containing a close-coupled catalyst, an underbody catalyst, and a separate hydrocarbon trap in a three-valve system. In another aspect, embodiments disclosed herein relate to a system for reducing emissions from an internal combustion engine containing a close-coupled catalyst, an underbody catalyst, and a separate hydrocarbon trap in a two-valve system. In another aspect, embodiments disclosed herein relate to a system for reducing emissions from an internal combustion engine containing a close-coupled catalyst, an electrically-heated catalyst, and a separate hydrocarbon trap in a valve-less system.

(6) The various conditions for each system may allow for different flow pathways to remove pollutants from the exhaust gas of the internal combustion engine during cold start, normal fully-heated hot operational conditions, and the warm phases in between. Cold start refers to the time directly after the vehicle engine is started when it is cold and has not been in use. At the very beginning of a cold start, the engine exhaust has a temperature matching that of the ambient temperature, which may be in the range of 25 to 35 C. depending on where the vehicle is parked. The heat generated from the combustion process in the engine heats up the surroundings and the enthalpy from the exhaust line heats up the components of the system that are present downstream of the engine. Over time, as the engine is warming up, the engine transitions to a warm engine condition (having an engine exhaust temperature in the range of 125 to 175 C.), warmer (having an engine exhaust temperature in the range of 175 to 350 C.), and finally a hot engine condition (having an engine exhaust temperature above 350 C.). Each system has at least two modes and some may have more depending on their system architecture. The engine emissions may also be referred to as exhaust gases.

(7) Each system may include an internal combustion engine with a flow line flowing exhaust gas to a close-coupled catalyst which is then connected to a flow line leading into the various unique systems. In all systems, the exhaust gas may pass through a heat exchanger, a liquid knockout, or both of these process units downstream of the hydrocarbon trap.

(8) In all systems, the heat exchanger may operate in a heating or a cooling mode. In some embodiments, the heat exchanger may be a cross flow type heat exchanger using ambient air and exhaust gases as the fluids passing through the exchanger. In the heating mode, the heat exchanger may maintain the exhaust gas above the dew point to prevent liquid condensation in the line that may reduce the performance of the hydrocarbon trap. In the heating mode, the heat exchanger may heat the exhaust gas to a temperature between 6 and 150 C. such that it is above the dew point of water vapor. In the cooling mode, the heat exchanger may further cool the exhaust gas in order to enhance the performance of the hydrocarbon trap. At gas temperatures above 150 C., the hydrocarbon trap begins to desorb the trapped hydrocarbons, which is not desirable until after the underbody catalyst downstream of the trap has achieved catalyst light off. In the cooling mode, the heat exchanger may cool the exhaust gas to a temperature between 10 and 150 C. In all systems, the liquid knockout may address the formation of liquid condensation in the line should it occur. These process units may be present individually or act in conjunction to optimize the performance of the system.

(9) FIG. 1 shows a four-valve system for reducing emissions from an internal combustion engine. The four-valve system may include a close-coupled catalyst 9 receiving an exhaust gas 6 from an internal combustion engine 3. The engine may also include a heat exchanger, a liquid knockout, or both, downstream of the hydrocarbon trap 28 and the exhaust gas may pass through the heat exchanger, the liquid knockout, or both.

(10) The four-valve system may operate during a period of time corresponding to cold, warm, warmer, and hot engine conditions. The first period of time corresponding to a cold engine condition refers to the system when the exhaust gas at the hydrocarbon trap is below 125 C. During the first period of time corresponding to the cold engine condition, the exhaust gas flows through the underbody catalyst and proceeds through the hydrocarbon trap to warm up the underbody catalyst while the hydrocarbon trap is adsorbing hydrocarbons before the underbody catalyst has reached light-off temperature. Light-off temperature is the temperature at which conversion reaches 50% for a specific catalyst. The second period of time corresponding to a warm engine condition refers to the system when the temperature of the exhaust gas is between 125 and 175 C. During the second period of time corresponding to the warm engine condition, the exhaust gas splits between the hydrocarbon trap and the underbody catalyst allowing the hydrocarbon trap to begin desorbing the adsorbed hydrocarbons while maintaining sufficient flow to the underbody catalyst to keep it warm and highly efficient. The third period of time corresponding to a warmer engine condition refers to the system when the temperature of the exhaust gas is between 175 and 350 C. During the third period of time corresponding to the warmer engine condition, the exhaust gas flows through the hydrocarbon trap to desorb the previously adsorbed hydrocarbons and pass them through the underbody catalyst to oxidize them to complete combustion products. The fourth period of time corresponding to a hot engine condition hot engine refers to the system when the temperature of the exhaust gas is above 350 C. The fourth period of time corresponding to the hot engine condition represents the conventional flow path of a production vehicle by bypassing the hydrocarbon trap once the hydrocarbon trap has fully desorbed the hydrocarbons, allowing the exhaust gas to flow directly to the underbody catalyst.

(11) Referring to FIG. 1, during the first period of time corresponding to the cold engine condition, a control system operates a first valve 18, a second valve 47, a third valve 23, and a fourth valve 35 such that the fourth valve 35 is placed in the open position. The first valve 18 is a 3-way valve that may be opened in a first position to allow exhaust emissions to flow from the engine through to the underbody catalyst. In the first position, a secondary inlet from flow line 55 is closed off. The second valve 47 is placed in the closed position. During the first period of time corresponding to the cold condition, the catalyzed exhaust gas exiting the close-coupled catalyst 9 flows through a first flow line 12 from the close-coupled catalyst 9. The first flow line 12 is broken up into two segments, a first segment 15 before the first valve 18 and a second segment 41 after the first valve leading into the underbody catalyst 43. When the first valve 18 is in the first position, the emissions flow through the second segment 41 of the first flow line 12 to the underbody catalyst 43. Still during the first period of time corresponding to the cold engine condition, the cold underbody catalyst effluent exiting the underbody catalyst 43 travels through a second flow line 45 leading to an ambient environment 51 with the second valve 47 disposed in the flow line, however, this cold underbody catalyst effluent is diverted through a line 53 intersecting the second flow line before the second valve 47, because the second valve 47 is fully closed. This flow line 53 intersects a third flow line 25 and directs the cold underbody catalyst effluent through a hydrocarbon trap 28. There is a third valve 23 at the intersection of the flow line 53 with the third flow line 25. The third valve 23 is a three-way valve. The three-way valve is in a first position, allowing flow through flow line 53 to the third flow line 25, preventing flow from flow line 21. The hydrocarbon trap 28 produces a cold hydrocarbon trap effluent that flows through a fourth flow line 31 with the fourth valve 35 disposed in this fourth flow line. The fourth valve 35 is fully opened. The fourth flow line is broken up into 3 segments: a first segment exiting the hydrocarbon trap 31, a second segment 33 extending beyond a point of intersection with a sixth flow line up until the fourth valve, and a third segment 38 from the exit of the fourth valve to the ambient environment.

(12) Still referring to FIG. 1, during the second period of time corresponding to the warm engine condition, the control system operates the first valve 18, the second valve 47, the third valve 23, and the fourth valve 35 such that the first valve 18, the second valve 47, and the third valve 23 are partially opened and the fourth valve 35 is closed. The first valve 18 is in a second position to allow emissions from flow line 15 and emissions from flow line 55 to flow through flow line 41 towards the underbody catalyst 43. During the second period of time corresponding to the warm engine condition, the catalyzed exhaust gas 12 exits the close-coupled catalyst 9 and splits between the first segment 15 of the first flow line 12 and a third flow line 21. The first valve 18 disposed in the first segment 15 of the first flow line 12 and the third valve 23 disposed in the third flow line 21 are both partially open. The third valve 23 is partially open to allow emissions to flow from flow line 21 through flow line 25 to the hydrocarbon trap 28. The third valve 23 is set in a second position so that flow line 53 is closed off. During the second period of time corresponding to the warm engine conditions, the first valve 18 is partially open such that 50 to 90% of the flow exiting the close-coupled catalyst 9 flows through to the underbody catalyst 43. At this point, the hydrocarbon trap starts to desorb the initially captured unburnt hydrocarbons. Simultaneously, the underbody catalyst 43 has warmed up to the temperature range close to its light-off temperature. A partial flow split is maintained so that the underbody catalyst continues to warm up and eventually achieve light off conditions. The outlet of the underbody catalyst produces a warm underbody catalyst effluent in a second flow line 45 that is then released to the ambient environment by completely opening a second valve 47. The second flow line 45 is broken up into two segments, a first segment before the second valve 47 and a second segment from the exit of the second valve 47 to the ambient environment 51. The warm underbody catalyst effluent flows through to the ambient environment without any diversions under warm engine conditions, with the second valve opened completely. The third flow line is broken up into two segments: a first segment before the third valve 23 and a second segment after the third valve 23 leading into the hydrocarbon trap 28. During the second period of time corresponding to the warm engine condition, the third valve 23 is open partially such that 10 to 50% of the flow exiting the close-coupled catalyst 9 flows through to the hydrocarbon trap 28. This allows a portion of the catalyzed exhaust gas to flow from the close-coupled catalyst 9 to the hydrocarbon trap 28. The warm hydrocarbon trap effluent from the hydrocarbon trap flows through the fourth flow line. A sixth flow line 55 intersects the warm hydrocarbon trap effluent 31 exiting the hydrocarbon trap 28 at the first valve 18. Downstream from the intersection point on the fourth flow line is the fourth valve 35 that is in a fully closed position. The sixth flow line 55 directs the warm hydrocarbon trap effluent 31 from the hydrocarbon trap to flow into the underbody catalyst 43. This stream combines with the exhaust gases flowing through the flow line 41 before entering the warm underbody catalyst 43, producing an underbody catalyst effluent 45 that passes through the fully opened second valve 47 and exits to the ambient environment 51.

(13) Still referring to FIG. 1, during the third period of time corresponding to the warmer engine condition, the control system operates the first valve 18, the second valve 47, the third valve 23, and the fourth valve 35 such that the fourth valve 35 is fully closed and the second valve 47 is fully opened. The first valve 18 is in a third position where the emissions flow from flow line 55 to flow line 41 to the underbody catalyst 43. The flow of emissions from the engine through flow line 15 is closed off. The third valve 23 is fully open to allow emissions to flow from flow line 21 through flow line 25 to the hydrocarbon trap 28. The third valve 23 is set in a second position so that flow from line 53 is closed off. The catalyzed exhaust gas exits the close-coupled catalyst 9 and flows through the third flow line, through the third valve 23, and into the hydrocarbon trap 28. The warmer hydrocarbon trap effluent exits the hydrocarbon trap 28 and is diverted to the intersecting sixth line 55 to flow through the first valve 18 to feed the warm hydrocarbon trap effluent to the underbody catalyst 43. By this point, the hydrocarbon trap 28 has actively begun to desorb the trapped unburnt hydrocarbons. The underbody catalyst has achieved catalyst light-off with a high conversion efficiency for targeted pollutants. The hydrocarbon trap effluent is fed to the underbody catalyst where the pollutants are converted to complete combustion products before being released. This stream combines with the warm underbody catalyst effluent 45 and exits to the ambient environment 51 through a fully opened second valve 47.

(14) Still referring to FIG. 1, during the fourth period of time corresponding to the hot engine condition, the control system operates the first valve 18, the second valve 47, the third valve 23, and the fourth valve 35 such that the second valve 47 is fully opened and the third valve 23 and the fourth valve 35 are fully closed. The first valve 18 is in the first position, where the emissions flow through the second segment 41 of the first flow line to the underbody catalyst 43. The catalyzed exhaust gas exiting the close-coupled catalyst 9 flows through the first flow line 12 from the close-coupled catalyst 9 to the underbody catalyst 43. The hot underbody catalyst effluent exiting the underbody catalyst travels through the second flow line 45, through the second valve 47, and through the flow line 51 to the ambient environment 51. The hydrocarbon trap 28 is bypassed entirely. Once the close-coupled catalyst effluent has reached temperatures as high as 350 C., the hydrocarbon trap 28 is bypassed to prevent the deterioration of the zeolites within the hydrocarbon trap 28.

(15) Table 1 below shows a summary of the first, second, third, and fourth periods of time corresponding to the various engine conditions in FIG. 1 as described above. The table indicates the valve position of each of the four valves, the state of the underbody catalyst, the state of the hydrocarbon trap, and the temperature range of the exhaust emissions. When the underbody catalyst state is inert, the temperature of the exhaust emissions is not high enough to activate the underbody catalyst. When the underbody catalyst state is active, the underbody catalyst is catalyzing the exhaust emissions. When the hydrocarbon trap is in an adsorb state, the hydrocarbon trap is adsorbing hydrocarbons. When the hydrocarbon trap is in a desorb state, the hydrocarbons are being desorbed from the hydrocarbon trap. In the table, UBC represents underbody catalyst, HCT represents hydrocarbon trap, and CCC represents close-coupled catalyst (9, FIG. 1).

(16) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Temperature UBC HCT Valve 18 Valve 47 Valve 23 Valve 35 Range state state Position Position Position Position Cold Below 125 C. Inert Adsorb 100% 0% open 100% flow 100% flow from post open through UBC to UBC HCT Warm 125-175 C. Inert Desorb Such that 100% Such that 0% open 90-50% open 10-50% flow flow exiting exiting CCC CCC flows flows towards towards HCT UBC Warmer 175-350 C. Active Desorb Such that 100% Such that 0% open 0% flow open 100% flow exiting exiting CCC CCC flows flows towards towards HCT UBC Hot Above 350 C. Active N/A Such that 100% Such that 0% open 100% open 0% flow flow exiting exiting CCC flows CCC towards flows HCT towards UBC

(17) FIG. 2 shows a three-valve system for reducing emissions from an internal combustion engine. The three-valve system may include a close-coupled catalyst 109 receiving a flow line of an exhaust gas 106 from an internal combustion engine 103, producing a catalyzed exhaust gas. The exhaust gas leaving the close-coupled catalyst flows through a first flow line 112 to an underbody catalyst 115, producing an underbody catalyst effluent. The underbody catalyst effluent may flow to the hydrocarbon trap, producing a hydrocarbon trap effluent, or may flow to the ambient environment. The hydrocarbon trap effluent may pass through a heat exchanger, a liquid knockout, or both of these process units downstream of the hydrocarbon trap 136.

(18) Still referring to FIG. 2, the three-valve system may operate during a period of time corresponding to cold, warm, and hot engine conditions. The first period of time corresponding to the cold engine condition refers to the system when the exhaust gas is below 125 C. During the first period of time corresponding to the cold engine condition, the exhaust gas flows through the underbody catalyst and then the hydrocarbon trap to warm the underbody catalyst while the hydrocarbon trap is adsorbing hydrocarbons before the underbody catalyst has reached light-off temperature. The second period of time corresponding to the warm engine condition refers to the system when the exhaust gas is between 125 and 350 C. During the second period of time corresponding to the warm engine condition, a fraction of the total exhaust gas flows from the underbody catalyst to the hydrocarbon trap. The flow exiting the hydrocarbon trap with the desorbed hydrocarbons is rerouted towards the engine for recirculation. The third period of time corresponding to the hot engine condition refers to the system when the exhaust gas is above 350 C. The hot engine condition represents the conventional flow path of a production vehicle by bypassing the hydrocarbon trap once the hydrocarbon trap has fully desorbed the hydrocarbons.

(19) During the first period of time corresponding to the cold engine condition, the control system operates the first valve 121, the second valve 130, and the third valve 145 such that the first valve 121 is closed and the second valve 130 and the third valve 145 are open. The cold underbody catalyst effluent 118 flows through a second flow line from the underbody catalyst 115 to the ambient environment, with a first valve 121 disposed in this second flow line. There is a third flow line 127 intersecting the second flow line to divert the emissions towards the hydrocarbon trap 136. The second flow line is broken into three segments: a first segment 118 exiting the underbody catalyst to the intersection with the third flow line, a second segment 119 from the intersection with the third flow line 127 to the first valve 121, and a third segment 124 from the exit of the first valve 121 to the ambient environment. The third flow line is also divided up into two segments. The first segment 127 intersects the second flow line up until a second valve 130 in the third flow line. The second segment 133 is from the exit of the second valve 130 to the hydrocarbon trap 136. Under a cold engine condition, the cold underbody catalyst effluent flows through the first segment 118 of the second flow line and then is diverted to the third flow line 127 towards the hydrocarbon trap 136. The hydrocarbon trap 136 produces a cold hydrocarbon trap effluent 139 that flows through a fourth flow line to the ambient environment with a third valve 145 disposed in the fourth flow line. The fourth flow line is made up of three segments: the first segment 139 is from the exit of the hydrocarbon trap 136 to an intersection point with a fifth flow line 151, the second segment 142 extends beyond the intersection with the fifth flow line 151 to the third valve 145, and the third segment 148 extends from the exit of the third valve 145 to the ambient environment. Under a cold engine condition, the cold hydrocarbon trap effluent exits the hydrocarbon trap 136 and flows through the fourth flow line to the ambient environment 148 without flowing through the fifth flow line 151.

(20) Still referring to FIG. 2, during the second period of time corresponding to the warm engine condition, the control system operates the first valve 121, the second valve 130, and the third valve 145 such that the first valve 121 is open, the second valve 130 is partially open, and the third valve 145 is closed. The second valve is partially opened such that 5 to 25% of the exhaust flow is fed back to the engine as exhaust gas recirculation. For example, the second valve may be opened in an amount with a lower limit of any of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5% and an upper limit of any of 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, and 25%, where any lower limit may be paired with any mathematically compatible upper limit. Engine 103 may include an exhaust gas recirculation valve to allow for exhaust gas to recirculate at the air inlet (not illustrated). During the second period of time corresponding to the warm engine condition, the warm underbody catalyst effluent flows from the underbody catalyst 115 and splits between the second flow line and the third flow line. A first portion of the warm underbody catalyst 115 effluent flows to the ambient environment through the second flow line. A second portion flows through the third flow line to the hydrocarbon trap 136. The hydrocarbon trap 136 produces a warm hydrocarbon trap effluent 139. During the second period of time corresponding to the warm engine condition, the third valve 145 is closed to prevent desorbed hydrocarbons escaping into the atmosphere through the tailpipe, causing a diversion of the warm hydrocarbon trap effluent through the fifth flow line 151 back to the engine 103.

(21) Still referring to FIG. 2, during the third period of time corresponding to the hot engine condition, the control system operates the first valve 121, the second valve 130, and the third valve 145 such that the first valve 121 is open and the second valve 130 and the third valve 145 are closed. The hot underbody catalyst effluent flows from the underbody catalyst 115 to the ambient environment through the second flow line through a fully opened first valve 121.

(22) FIG. 3 shows a two-valve system for reducing emissions from an internal combustion engine. The two-valve system may include a close-coupled catalyst 209 receiving a flow line of exhaust gas 206 from an internal combustion engine 203, producing a catalyzed exhaust gas. The catalyzed exhaust gas may flow to the hydrocarbon trap before flowing to the underbody catalyst, or the catalyzed exhaust gas may flow to the underbody catalyst directly. The hydrocarbon trap effluent may pass through a heat exchanger, a liquid knockout, or both of these process units downstream of the hydrocarbon trap 215.

(23) The two-valve system may operate during a period of time corresponding to a flow through and a bypass condition. The first period of time corresponding to the flow through condition refers to the system when the exhaust gas is below 125 C. During the first period of time corresponding to the flow through condition, the exhaust gas flows through the hydrocarbon trap to capture hydrocarbons during the cold start phase. This condition is also used for regenerating the hydrocarbon trap. The second period of time corresponding to the bypass condition refers to the system when the exhaust gas is between 125 and 350 C. During the second period of time corresponding to the bypass condition, the exhaust gas bypasses the hydrocarbon trap to warm up the underbody catalyst and prevent the hydrocarbon trap from desorbing hydrocarbons before the underbody catalyst has reached light-off temperature. During the third period of time, flow is switched back to the flow through condition such that the exhaust gases pass through the hydrocarbon trap before entering the underbody catalyst. This enables the hydrocarbon trap to be regenerated for the next cold start. The third period of time corresponding to the flow through condition refers to when the combustion gas is above 350 C.

(24) During the first period of time corresponding to the flow through condition, the control system operates the first valve 221 and the second valve 236 such that the first valve 221 is open and the second valve 236 is closed. During the first period of time corresponding to the flow through condition, the catalyzed exhaust gas leaving the close-coupled catalyst 209 flows through a first flow line 212 to a hydrocarbon trap 215, producing a hydrocarbon trap effluent. The hydrocarbon trap effluent may flow through a heat exchanger, a liquid knockout, or both. The hydrocarbon trap effluent flows through a second flow line broken into two segments: a first segment 218 from the exit of the hydrocarbon trap 215 to the first valve 221 in the second flow line, and a second segment 224 from the exit of the first valve 221 to the underbody catalyst 227. Under the flow through condition, the hydrocarbon trap effluent flows through a second flow line to the underbody catalyst 227. The underbody catalyst 227 produces an underbody catalyst effluent that flows through a fourth flow line 230 to the ambient environment. This is the same flow path used during the third period of time for the hydrocarbon trap regeneration.

(25) During the second period of time corresponding to the bypass condition, the control system operates the first valve 221 and the second valve 236 such that the first valve 221 is closed and the second valve 236 is open. During the second period of time corresponding to the bypass condition, the dry exhaust gas in the first flow line 212 exiting the liquid knockout which is downstream of the close-coupled catalyst 209 is diverted by a third flow line intersecting the first flow line 212. The third flow line contains the second valve 236 and is broken into two segments. There is a first segment 239 from the intersection point of the first flow line to the second valve 236. There is a second segment 233 from the second valve 236 to the underbody catalyst 227. In the bypass condition, the first valve 221 is closed and the second valve 236 is fully opened. Once the dry exhaust gas reaches the underbody catalyst 227, the underbody catalyst 227 produces an underbody catalyst effluent that is directed to the ambient environment through the fourth flow line 230.

(26) FIG. 4 shows a valve-less system for reducing emissions from an internal combustion engine. The valve-less system may include a close-coupled catalyst 309 receiving a flow line of exhaust gas 306 from an internal combustion engine 303. The close-coupled catalyst produces a catalyzed exhaust gas that travels through the first flow line 312 to the hydrocarbon trap 315. The hydrocarbon trap produces a hydrocarbon trap effluent that travels through a second flow line 318 to the electrically-heated catalyst 321. The hydrocarbon trap effluent may pass through a heat exchanger, a liquid knockout, or both of these process units downstream of the hydrocarbon trap 315. The electrically-heated catalyst 321 produces an electrically-heated catalyst effluent traveling to the ambient environment through a third flow line 324. The electrically-heated catalyst effluent is called an activated electrically-heated catalyst effluent when the heating elements of the electrically-heated catalyst are activated. The electrically-heated catalyst effluent is called an inactivated electrically-heated catalyst effluent when the heating elements of the electrically-heated catalyst are inactivated.

(27) The valve-less system may operate during a period of time corresponding to cold and warm engine conditions. The first period of time corresponding to a cold engine condition refers to the system when the exhaust gas at the underbody catalyst is below 350 C. The second period of time corresponding to a warm engine condition refers to the system when the exhaust gas is below 350 C. During the first period of time corresponding to the cold engine condition, the electrical heating elements attached to the electrically-heated catalyst are activated. During the second period of time corresponding to the warm engine condition, the electrical heating elements attached to the electrically-heated catalyst are deactivated and exhaust gas flows through the process unit in the absence of an external heat source. The external heat source may be the electrical heating elements of the catalyst unit.

(28) The hydrocarbon trap may be composed of Zeolites or any other known material to adsorb hydrocarbons and CO, NO.sub.x, emissions in exhaust gas. Such materials may be suitable as they adsorb hydrocarbons at colder temperatures and desorb the hydrocarbons at temperatures above approximately 125 C. Zeolites are known to lose stability at high temperatures.

(29) The catalyst used in the underbody catalyst and the electrically-heated catalyst may include a monolith made of ceramic which is coated with a wash coat made of silica or alumina. The wash coat may also contain ceria for oxygen storage and platinum group metals such as platinum, rhodium, or palladium.

(30) The heat exchanger used may be a counter flow heat exchanger. The heat exchanger may be an air-to-air heat exchanger. The heat exchanger may be a plate style that will cool the exhaust emissions using ambient air.

(31) Embodiments of the present disclosure may provide at least one of the following advantages. All of the systems have a separate secondary catalyst unit from the hydrocarbon trap. By keeping these units separate, this prevents accidental desorption of adsorbed hydrocarbons prior to oxidation. By de-coupling the adsorption and catalysis, there is greater flexibility with respect to placement of the hydrocarbon trap and the catalyst allowing for various potential system configurations. Because of the instability of zeolites at high temperatures, de-coupling the hydrocarbon trap and the catalyst allows the hydrocarbon trap to be bypassed during warmer and hotter conditions, to prevent degradation of the zeolites while continuing to treat the exhaust gas with the underbody catalyst.

(32) Case Study

(33) An experiment utilized an automobile under the Federal Test Procedure 75 (FTP-75) to assess emissions in three configurations. The first configuration had two catalyst units and no hydrocarbon trap. The second configuration had a passive hydrocarbon trap. The third configuration had an active hydrocarbon trap, which is representative of the system configurations described herein. The results are shown in Table 2 below, and confirm that the active hydrocarbon trap reduces emissions more effectively than a passive hydrocarbon trap or in the absence of a hydrocarbon trap altogether.

(34) TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Cumulative Tailpipe % Reduction HC emissions for compared to FTP75 test(g) baseline No Trap (Dual 0.753 0.00% Catalyst) (Experimental) Passive Hydrocarbon 0.573 23.90% Trap (Predicted) Active Hydrocarbon 0.240 68.12% Trap (Predicted)

(35) Although only a few example embodiments have been described in detail above, those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that many modifications are possible in the example embodiments without materially departing from this invention. Accordingly, all such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of this disclosure as defined in the following claims.