A method and apparatus according to the method for producing nuclear energy comprising a container (13) converting the material into a second with atomic reaction and transforming it into a reaction product comprising heat, particles, neutrino and/or electromagnetic radiation and electromagnetic radiation (2) relevant to material under the nuclear reaction transferring a single quantum maximum energy of 500 electron volts the radiation clement (12) for transferring energy to the material to be transformed that the targeting of the reaction products of the container to the radiation element is controlled by separating the container and the radiation element from each other. More than 1 nm sized microstructural (5) storage modes are used generating a coherent electromagnetic emission pulse (8) emitted by exciton polaritons vibration forms (7) for achive nuclear reactions to the necessary energy levels. A heat-utilizing apparatus such as a thermal power engine or thermoelectric generator, a radiation-utilizing apparatus, a apparatus for moving the object, and an industrial or power plant utilizing a method or a apparatus according to the method.

A heat generating system includes a heat-generating element cell and a circulation device. The heat-generating element cell includes a container having a recovery port and a discharge port, and a reactant that is provided in the container, is made from a hydrogen storage metal or a hydrogen storage alloy, has metal nanoparticles on a surface of the reactant. The heat-generating element cell generates excess heat when hydrogen-based gas contributing to heat generation is supplied into the container and hydrogen atoms are occluded in the metal nanoparticles. The circulation device circulates the hydrogen-based gas in the heat-generating element cell. The circulation device includes a circulating passage that is provided outside the container and connects the recovery port to the discharge port, a pump circulates the hydrogen-based gas in the container via the circulating passage, and a filter on the circulating passage adsorbs and removes the impurities in the hydrogen-based gas.

Nanoengineered materials are disclosed for Low Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENRs). The nanoengineered materials include quasicrystals and quasicrystal approximants. The energy landscape of these materials is designed to increase a tunneling probability of atoms that participate in a fusion reaction. The nanoengineered materials are designed to have arrangements of atoms in which there are active sites in the material for LENR. The active sites may include networks of double wells designed into the material. In some examples, the design also limits the degrees of freedom for atoms in ways that increase a tunneling probability for tunneling of atoms into sites where fusion occurs.

A treatment of a possibly powdered, sintered, or deposited lattice (e.g., nickel) for heat generating applications and a way to control low energy nuclear reactions (LENR) hosted in the lattice by controlling hydride formation. The method of control and treatment involves the use of the reaction lattice, enclosed by an inert cover gas such as argon that carries hydrogen as the reactive gas in a non-flammable mixture. Hydrogen ions in the lattice are transmuted to neutrons as discussed in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2007/0206715 (Godes_2007)). Hydrogen moving through the lattice interacts with the newly formed neutrons generating an exothermic reaction.

A practical technique for inducing and controlling the fusion of nuclei within a solid lattice. A reactor includes a loading source to provide the light nuclei which are to be fused, a lattice which can absorb the light nuclei, a source of phonon energy, and a control mechanism to start and stop stimulation of phonon energy and/or the loading of reactants. The lattice transmits phonon energy sufficient to affect electron-nucleus collapse. By controlling the stimulation of phonon energy and controlling the loading of light nuclei into the lattice, energy released by the fusion reactions is allowed to dissipate before it builds to the point that it causes destruction of the reaction lattice.

The invention belongs to the category of devices used for thermal energy generation based on the principles of low energy nuclear synthesis, so-called LENR reactions. The specific aspect of these reactions is the low energy consumption by the heating devices, while maintaining sufficiently high output of the thermal energy generated by these devices. The declared methods and alternatives of the device enable, with the use of the heaters, the implementation of various schemes of use in liquid and air heating systems. The heater is constructed as a porous ceramic electrically conductive tubular element made of a high-temperature withstanding ceramic and a reaction material comprising a mixture of metallic powders in the form of metal powder of the elements of the 10th group of the Periodic Table, such as nickel (Ni), and a fuel mixture containing the chemical elements lithium (Li) and hydrogen (H), proportionally distributed inside the pores in a ratio ranging between 10 and 80% of the surface of the heater pores, or in a different alternative where the porous ceramic electrically conductive tubular element is made of a high-temperature withstanding ceramic containing a catalyst metallic powder in the form of metal powder of the elements of the 10th group of the Periodic Table, such as nickel (Ni).

Nanoengineered materials are disclosed for Low Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENRs). The nanoengineered materials include quasicrystals and quasicrystal approximants. The energy landscape of these materials is designed to increase a tunneling probability of atoms that participate in a fusion reaction. The nanoengineered materials are designed to have arrangements of atoms in which there are active sites in the material for LENR. The active sites may include networks of double wells designed into the material. In some examples, the design also limits the degrees of freedom for atoms in ways that increase a tunneling probability for tunneling of atoms into sites where fusion occurs.

A method of producing energy from condensed hydrogen clusters created from the desorption of hydrogen atoms from a primary material. The method of producing energy from condensed hydrogen clusters generally includes positioning at least a desorbing side of a primary material within a sealed reactor chamber. Mono-isotopic hydrogen atoms are absorbed by the primary material. Condensed hydrogen clusters are formed from the desorption of the hydrogen atoms from the primary material. Stability of the condensed hydrogen clusters is maintained by prevention of covalent bond formation and recombination into hydrogen molecules. A nuclear reaction and spallation of the stable condensed hydrogen clusters is initiated to produce reaction products. Energy may be harvested from the reaction products, such as through a coolant.

In accordance with the present inventive concept, there is provided a method for use in power generation. The method comprises bringing a first target matter via wave resonance into a higher energy state by exposing the first target matter to electromagnetic radiation input energy for producing a first isotope shift in the first target matter and neutrons resulting from the first isotope shift, and capturing the neutrons by a second target matter for producing a second isotope shift in the second target matter and electromagnetic radiation output energy. Furthermore, the present inventive concept also relates to an associated apparatus.

An aspect of the subject technology/invention of the present disclosure includes electrode structures or elements/components that have (e.g., present) fractal and/or self-complementary shapes or structures, e.g., on a surface. Such shapes or structures can be pre-existing. The electrodes can be made of any suitable material. The electrodes may function or operate or be used as a seed structure to incorporate or receive a material or materials useful for lattice assisted nuclear reactions and/or cold fusion processes.