The present application relates to a porous body quality inspection apparatus and a method for inspecting quality of a porous body, and according to one aspect of the present application, there is provided a porous body quality inspection apparatus comprising a contact resistance measuring part of a porous body with a gas diffusion layer, a pressurizing part for pressurizing a pressure-sensitive discoloration base material on the porous body, an image mapping part for calculating a contact area between the pressure-sensitive discoloration base material and the porous body, a transporting part for transporting the porous body and the pressure-sensitive discoloration base material, and an operation part for performing an operation of an interfacial contact resistance between the porous body and the gas diffusion layer.

A system includes a downhole tool having a housing and a passage extending through the housing, where the passage includes an inlet configured to receive a flow of a wellbore fluid and an outlet configured to discharge the flow of the wellbore fluid. The downhole tool includes a heating element configured to heat the flow of the wellbore fluid and to enable the flow of the wellbore fluid to transition to a single-phase fluid flow within the passage. The downhole tool includes a phase composition sensor positioned adjacent the passage and configured to provide feedback indicative of formation of the single-phase fluid flow. The system includes a controller configured to monitor a power consumption of the heating element and to determine an enthalpy of the wellbore fluid based in part on the power consumption and the feedback from the phase composition sensor.

Methods, systems, and computer program products for determining a property of construction material. According to one aspect, a material property gauge operable to determine a property of construction material is disclosed. The gauge may include an electromagnetic sensor operable to measure a response of construction material to an electromagnetic field. Further, the electromagnetic sensor may be operable to produce a signal representing the measured response by the construction material to the electromagnetic field. An acoustic detector may be operable to detect a response of the construction material to the acoustical energy. Further, the acoustic detector may be operable to produce a signal representing the detected response by the construction material to the acoustical energy. A material property calculation function may be configured to calculate a property value associated with the construction material based upon the signals produced by the electromagnetic sensor and the acoustic detector.

A sensor element comprises: a first substrate; a detector disposed on the first substrate; and a second substrate surrounding the first substrate and supporting the first substrate. The second substrate is thicker than the first substrate. The second substrate has a connection part which is connected to the first substrate and a non-connection part which is not connected to the first substrate. The detector is located in the vicinity of the connection part.

A sensor element comprises: a first substrate; a detector disposed on the first substrate; and a second substrate surrounding the first substrate and supporting the first substrate. The second substrate is thicker than the first substrate. The second substrate has a connection part which is connected to the first substrate and a non-connection part which is not connected to the first substrate. The detector is located in the vicinity of the connection part.

A resistance-integrated gas sensor is provided, including a substrate, a first metal oxide layer, an insulating layer, a contact metal layer, a contact hole, a second metal oxide layer, and an interdigitated electrode layer. The first metal oxide layer is disposed in the substrate. The insulating layer is disposed on the substrate and the first metal oxide layer. The contact metal layer and the contact hole are disposed in the insulating layer. The second metal oxide layer is disposed on the insulating layer. A portion of the interdigitated electrode layer is disposed on the insulating layer, and another portion is disposed in the second metal oxide layer. The contact metal layer and the contact hole connect the first metal oxide layer and the interdigitated electrode layer.

A method and system are for estimating forces in rails of a railway line which are due to the temperatures of the rails. Values of the electrical resistance of one rail of a railway track section are calculated. Based on the calculated values of the electrical resistance for the rail, corresponding values of the temperature of the rail can be estimated, and based on the estimated values of the temperature of the rail, estimated values of forces acting in the rail due to the temperature values can be estimated.

A method for determining a gas concentration in a cavity including: exciting a resistance sensor element situated in the cavity with an input signal, measuring an output signal of the resistance sensor element, determining a first parameter of a transfer function based on the input signal and the output signal, determining a second parameter of the transfer function based on the input signal and the output signal, checking a plausibility of the first parameter based on the second parameter, and outputting an error signal in the case of lack of plausibility of the first parameter.

A method for determining a gas concentration in a cavity including: exciting a resistance sensor element situated in the cavity with an input signal, measuring an output signal of the resistance sensor element, determining a first parameter of a transfer function based on the input signal and the output signal, determining a second parameter of the transfer function based on the input signal and the output signal, checking a plausibility of the first parameter based on the second parameter, and outputting an error signal in the case of lack of plausibility of the first parameter.

A device includes a housing unit with an internal volume. The device further includes a sensor coupled to a substrate via an electrical coupling, wherein the sensor is disposed within the internal volume of the housing unit, and wherein the sensor is in communication with an external environment of the housing unit from a side other than a side associated with the substrate. The device also includes a moisture detection unit electrically coupled to the sensor, wherein the moisture detection unit comprises at least two looped wires at different heights, and wherein the moisture detection unit is configured to detect presence of a moisture within an interior environment of the housing unit when the moisture detection unit becomes in direct contact with the moisture.