Provided is a coreflood apparatus that comprises a housing, an inlet, an outlet, and two chambers positioned within the housing that are configured to retain porous media. The apparatus includes a partition coupled to an inner surface of the housing between the two chambers and a sensor mounting location. Provided is a method of introducing a fluid into the coreflood apparatus and allowing fluid to pass through chambers in the apparatus having a sensor mounting location there between. Further provided is a coreflood system comprising a coreflood apparatus, a calcium ion sensor, and a data processing device. Provided is a method of introducing fluid into the coreflood system and allowing fluid to pass through chambers in the system having a calcium ion sensor there between. The method further comprises detecting calcium ions in the fluid and determining calcium ion concentration data.

An electrochemical sensor for potentiometric measurements in a measurement medium has a sensor head (201) at an end of a longitudinal sensor body (203). A sensing electrode (210) and a reference electrode (220) are disposed within the longitudinal sensor body. A liquid junction (223) is established between the reference electrode and the sensing electrode. The sensor is characterized by a protective outer shaft (250) with a polymeric sensor sleeve (230), which is electrically isolating, disposed within the protective outer shaft.

In an electrochemical imaging method of, by applying voltages between working electrodes arranged in a measurement area and a counter electrode and causing the working electrodes to perform a redox reaction by giving and reception of electrons to and from a plurality of measurement target substances generated or consumed by a sample in an electrolytic solution to measure currents that flow through the individual electrodes, imaging images of density distributions of the measurement target substances based on distributions of the currents in the measurement area, the working electrodes are arranged in the measurement area in a manner of being arranged uniformly in each of a plurality of working electrode groups, each of the working electrode groups comprising a plurality of working electrodes, and in a manner of being mutually mixed; applied voltages specified for the working electrode groups, respectively, are simultaneously applied between the working electrodes and the counter electrode; any two working electrode groups among the plurality of working electrode groups are mutually different in at least any of the determined voltage, presence/absence of a molecular modification of an electrode surface and a species of the molecular modification; and based on the individual distributions of the currents in the measurement area in the working electrode groups, the images of density distributions of the measurement target substances are acquired by simultaneous measurements.

Systems and methods for assessing the oxidation status of a pharmaceutical preparations are provided herein. Methods provided herein are particularly useful for assessing pharmaceutical preparations comprising therapeutic proteins (e.g., therapeutic antibodies).

In some variations, an apparatus provides real-time monitoring of voltage and differential voltage of both anode and cathode in a battery configured with at least one reference electrode. Voltage monitors are connected to a computer programmed for receiving anode voltage signals; receiving cathode voltage signals; calculating the derivative of the anode voltage with respect to time or with respect to capacity; and calculating the derivative of the cathode voltage with respect to time or with respect to capacity. Other variations provide an apparatus for real-time assessment of capacities of both anode and cathode in a battery, comprising a computer programmed for receiving electrode voltage signals; estimating first and second electrode open-circuit voltages at two different times, and correlating the first and second electrode open-circuit voltages to first and second electrode states of charge, respectively, for each of anode and cathode. The anode and cathode capacities may then be estimated independently.

The disclosure describes methods, devices, and system that measure chemisorption potentiometrically for detection of target molecules. In one example, a device includes a semiconductor, an ionic conducting electronic insulator coupled to the semiconductor, a floating gate electrode comprising a first portion and a second portion, the first portion being coupled to the semiconductor via the ionic conducting electronic insulator, an aqueous buffer, and a primary gate electrode coupled to the second portion of the floating gate electrode via the aqueous buffer. The second portion of the floating gate electrode may comprise a probe configured to react with a target chemical composition of a molecule to detect the presence of the molecule. Reaction with the target chemical composition may change an electrical property of the device and indicate the presence of the molecule in the aqueous buffer.

The disclosure provides a single-cell-based electrochemical sensor based on a functionalized nano-probe and an application thereof, and belongs to the technical fields of electrochemical sensors and toxin detection. The single-cell-based electrochemical sensor of the disclosure combines a nano-probe and an electrochemical cell-based sensor, conducts functional modification on the nano-probe using Prussian blue, and conducts current signal analysis on a single cell by a micro-operating platform. The disclosure constructs a reliable, easy to operate and highly repeatable single-cell-based electrochemical detection platform, and the current value is determined by electrochemical chronoamperometry to determine damage of a single cell stimulated by toxins, thereby quickly and effectively evaluating the cytotoxicity of fungal toxins, and further enabling application of the fungal toxin toxicity in real-time monitoring and nano-environmental detection in living cells.

A potentiometric sensor that includes a housing and working electrode is provided. The housing includes a reference electrode, a first hydrogel that contains a reference solution, and a salt bridge. The sensor is wearable and can be used for continuous on-body sweat measurements.

Embodiments described herein relate generally to compositions that include a synthetic redox-active receptor, and in particular to compositions that include a boronic acid based synthetic redox-active receptor which can electrochemically sense a target analyte in a sample solution. In some embodiments, a synthetic redox-active receptor can have a composition of formula I:

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wherein the variables L, L′, R, R′ n and X are described herein.

The present disclosure relates to a sensor arrangement including a housing, connectable to a process container and including a guiding passageway formed therein, and a sensor body displaceable in the guiding passageway between a first position and a second position, wherein the sensor body has at least one end section, which can be moved out of the housing and which includes at least one sensor element serving for registering a measured variable of a measured medium, wherein the at least one sensor element is arranged in the first position of the sensor body within a chamber formed in the housing and, in the second position of the sensor body, outside of the housing, and wherein the at least one end section of the sensor body has a base and a peripheral surface, wherein the at least one sensor element forms a part of the peripheral surface.