A fuel cell including: a diaphragm/electrodes assembly including a first electrode forming an anode, and a first reinforcement attached to a surface of the diaphragm and surrounding the first electrode; two bipolar plates, having the diaphragm/electrodes assembly placed therebetween and including at least one flow collector passing therethrough, a first surface of the diaphragm including an active area and a connection area and arranged between the flow collector and the active area; a conductor track rigidly connected to the first surface of the diaphragm and extending between the connection area and one edge of the diaphragm that projects beyond the first reinforcement; and a measurement electrode, positioned on the connection area of the first surface of the diaphragm and making electrical contact with the conductor track.

A fuel cell including: a diaphragm/electrodes assembly including a first electrode forming an anode, and a first reinforcement attached to a surface of the diaphragm and surrounding the first electrode; two bipolar plates, having the diaphragm/electrodes assembly placed therebetween and including at least one flow collector passing therethrough, a first surface of the diaphragm including an active area and a connection area and arranged between the flow collector and the active area; a conductor track rigidly connected to the first surface of the diaphragm and extending between the connection area and one edge of the diaphragm that projects beyond the first reinforcement; and a measurement electrode, positioned on the connection area of the first surface of the diaphragm and making electrical contact with the conductor track.

The invention provides novel microfluidic coulometric sensors having a silver (Ag) band electrode longitudinally placed in a microchannel affording visual readout suitable for the naked eye, and methods of fabrication and applications thereof.

Provided herein are systems and methods for the detection, quantification, and/or monitoring of analytes in samples. The systems and methods can be used, for example, to track the deposition and electrochemical behavior of individual nanoparticles and nanoparticles clusters clusters in situ with high spatial and temporal resolution. The systems and methods can be used to track the deposition and oxidation of several hundreds to thousands of nanoparticles simultaneously and reconstruct their voltammetric curves at the single nanoparticle level.

Provided herein are systems and methods for the detection, quantification, and/or monitoring of analytes in samples. The systems and methods can be used, for example, to track the deposition and electrochemical behavior of individual nanoparticles and nanoparticles clusters clusters in situ with high spatial and temporal resolution. The systems and methods can be used to track the deposition and oxidation of several hundreds to thousands of nanoparticles simultaneously and reconstruct their voltammetric curves at the single nanoparticle level.

Disclosed are methods and devices for biomolecular detection, comprising a nanopipette, exemplified as a hollow inert, non-biological structure with a conical tip opening of nanoscale dimensions, suitable for holding an electrolyte solution which may contain an analyte such as a protein biomolecule to be detected as it is passed through the tip opening. Biomolecules are detected by specific reaction with peptide ligands chemically immobilized in the vicinity of the tip. Analytes which bind to the ligands cause a detectable change in ionic current. A sensitive detection circuit, using a feedback amplifier circuit, and alternating voltages is further disclosed. Detection of IL-10 at a concentration of 4 ng/ml is also disclosed, as is detection of VEGF.

Disclosed are methods and devices for biomolecular detection, comprising a nanopipette, exemplified as a hollow inert, non-biological structure with a conical tip opening of nanoscale dimensions, suitable for holding an electrolyte solution which may contain an analyte such as a protein biomolecule to be detected as it is passed through the tip opening. Biomolecules are detected by specific reaction with peptide ligands chemically immobilized in the vicinity of the tip. Analytes which bind to the ligands cause a detectable change in ionic current. A sensitive detection circuit, using a feedback amplifier circuit, and alternating voltages is further disclosed. Detection of IL-10 at a concentration of 4 ng/ml is also disclosed, as is detection of VEGF.

A method of determining a concentration of phenol and/or a phenol derivative in a first solution. The method includes (a) subjecting a graphite pencil electrode system comprising a graphite pencil working electrode, a counter electrode, and a reference electrode to cyclic voltammetry in a second solution such that a surface of the graphite pencil working electrode is charged by the cyclic voltammetry to form a charged surface, (b) contacting the charged surface of the graphite pencil working electrode with the first solution for sufficient time to electropolymerize the phenol and/or the phenol derivative on the charged surface in open circuit fashion, and (c) determining the concentration of the phenol and/or the phenol derivative in the first solution, wherein the amount of the electropolymerized phenol and/or the electropolymerized phenol derivative formed on the charged surface correlates with the concentration of the phenol and/or the phenol derivative in the first solution.

A method of determining a concentration of phenol and/or a phenol derivative in a first solution. The method includes (a) subjecting a graphite pencil electrode system comprising a graphite pencil working electrode, a counter electrode, and a reference electrode to cyclic voltammetry in a second solution such that a surface of the graphite pencil working electrode is charged by the cyclic voltammetry to form a charged surface, (b) contacting the charged surface of the graphite pencil working electrode with the first solution for sufficient time to electropolymerize the phenol and/or the phenol derivative on the charged surface in open circuit fashion, and (c) determining the concentration of the phenol and/or the phenol derivative in the first solution, wherein the amount of the electropolymerized phenol and/or the electropolymerized phenol derivative formed on the charged surface correlates with the concentration of the phenol and/or the phenol derivative in the first solution.

The present disclosure provides a sensor system including one or more sensors having a first container fluidly coupled to a second container, the second container being configured to receive a conductive media from the first container. A first movable element is slidingly engaged with the first container to cause the second container to receive the conductive media from the first container. A first electrode is positioned in the first cavity and electrically coupled to the conductive media. In some examples, a second electrode is electrically coupled to the first electrode and the conductive media. The sensor deposits the conductive media on a working electrode to form an electrochemical cell and obtain one or more material properties of the working electrode. In some examples, the sensor system includes an array of sensors which deposit the conducive media in multiple locations on a working electrode to generate a material property map.